I am creating an application which connects to the server using username/password and I would like to enable the option "Save password" so the user wouldn't have to type the password each time the application starts.
I was trying to do it with Shared Preferences but am not sure if this is the best solution.
I would appreciate any suggestion on how to store user values/settings in Android application.
In general SharedPreferences are your best bet for storing preferences, so in general I'd recommend that approach for saving application and user settings.
The only area of concern here is what you're saving. Passwords are always a tricky thing to store, and I'd be particularly wary of storing them as clear text. The Android architecture is such that your application's SharedPreferences are sandboxed to prevent other applications from being able to access the values so there's some security there, but physical access to a phone could potentially allow access to the values.
If possible I'd consider modifying the server to use a negotiated token for providing access, something like OAuth. Alternatively you may need to construct some sort of cryptographic store, though that's non-trivial. At the very least, make sure you're encrypting the password before writing it to disk.
MODE_PRIVATE with SharedPreferences equivalent to doing the same with a file created on internal storage, in terms of effectiveness to obfuscate locally stored data? –
Infantryman I agree with Reto and fiXedd. Objectively speaking it doesn't make a lot of sense investing significant time and effort into encrypting passwords in SharedPreferences since any attacker that has access to your preferences file is fairly likely to also have access to your application's binary, and therefore the keys to unencrypt the password.
However, that being said, there does seem to be a publicity initiative going on identifying mobile applications that store their passwords in cleartext in SharedPreferences and shining unfavorable light on those applications. See http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/06/08/some-top-apps-put-data-at-risk/ and http://viaforensics.com/appwatchdog for some examples.
While we need more attention paid to security in general, I would argue that this sort of attention on this one particular issue doesn't actually significantly increase our overall security. However, perceptions being as they are, here's a solution to encrypt the data you place in SharedPreferences.
Simply wrap your own SharedPreferences object in this one, and any data you read/write will be automatically encrypted and decrypted. eg.
final SharedPreferences prefs = new ObscuredSharedPreferences(
this, this.getSharedPreferences(MY_PREFS_FILE_NAME, Context.MODE_PRIVATE) );
// eg.
prefs.edit().putString("foo","bar").commit();
prefs.getString("foo", null);
Here's the code for the class:
/**
* Warning, this gives a false sense of security. If an attacker has enough access to
* acquire your password store, then he almost certainly has enough access to acquire your
* source binary and figure out your encryption key. However, it will prevent casual
* investigators from acquiring passwords, and thereby may prevent undesired negative
* publicity.
*/
public class ObscuredSharedPreferences implements SharedPreferences {
protected static final String UTF8 = "utf-8";
private static final char[] SEKRIT = ... ; // INSERT A RANDOM PASSWORD HERE.
// Don't use anything you wouldn't want to
// get out there if someone decompiled
// your app.
protected SharedPreferences delegate;
protected Context context;
public ObscuredSharedPreferences(Context context, SharedPreferences delegate) {
this.delegate = delegate;
this.context = context;
}
public class Editor implements SharedPreferences.Editor {
protected SharedPreferences.Editor delegate;
public Editor() {
this.delegate = ObscuredSharedPreferences.this.delegate.edit();
}
@Override
public Editor putBoolean(String key, boolean value) {
delegate.putString(key, encrypt(Boolean.toString(value)));
return this;
}
@Override
public Editor putFloat(String key, float value) {
delegate.putString(key, encrypt(Float.toString(value)));
return this;
}
@Override
public Editor putInt(String key, int value) {
delegate.putString(key, encrypt(Integer.toString(value)));
return this;
}
@Override
public Editor putLong(String key, long value) {
delegate.putString(key, encrypt(Long.toString(value)));
return this;
}
@Override
public Editor putString(String key, String value) {
delegate.putString(key, encrypt(value));
return this;
}
@Override
public void apply() {
delegate.apply();
}
@Override
public Editor clear() {
delegate.clear();
return this;
}
@Override
public boolean commit() {
return delegate.commit();
}
@Override
public Editor remove(String s) {
delegate.remove(s);
return this;
}
}
public Editor edit() {
return new Editor();
}
@Override
public Map<String, ?> getAll() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); // left as an exercise to the reader
}
@Override
public boolean getBoolean(String key, boolean defValue) {
final String v = delegate.getString(key, null);
return v!=null ? Boolean.parseBoolean(decrypt(v)) : defValue;
}
@Override
public float getFloat(String key, float defValue) {
final String v = delegate.getString(key, null);
return v!=null ? Float.parseFloat(decrypt(v)) : defValue;
}
@Override
public int getInt(String key, int defValue) {
final String v = delegate.getString(key, null);
return v!=null ? Integer.parseInt(decrypt(v)) : defValue;
}
@Override
public long getLong(String key, long defValue) {
final String v = delegate.getString(key, null);
return v!=null ? Long.parseLong(decrypt(v)) : defValue;
}
@Override
public String getString(String key, String defValue) {
final String v = delegate.getString(key, null);
return v != null ? decrypt(v) : defValue;
}
@Override
public boolean contains(String s) {
return delegate.contains(s);
}
@Override
public void registerOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(OnSharedPreferenceChangeListener onSharedPreferenceChangeListener) {
delegate.registerOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(onSharedPreferenceChangeListener);
}
@Override
public void unregisterOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(OnSharedPreferenceChangeListener onSharedPreferenceChangeListener) {
delegate.unregisterOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(onSharedPreferenceChangeListener);
}
protected String encrypt( String value ) {
try {
final byte[] bytes = value!=null ? value.getBytes(UTF8) : new byte[0];
SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBEWithMD5AndDES");
SecretKey key = keyFactory.generateSecret(new PBEKeySpec(SEKRIT));
Cipher pbeCipher = Cipher.getInstance("PBEWithMD5AndDES");
pbeCipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key, new PBEParameterSpec(Settings.Secure.getString(context.getContentResolver(),Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID).getBytes(UTF8), 20));
return new String(Base64.encode(pbeCipher.doFinal(bytes), Base64.NO_WRAP),UTF8);
} catch( Exception e ) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
protected String decrypt(String value){
try {
final byte[] bytes = value!=null ? Base64.decode(value,Base64.DEFAULT) : new byte[0];
SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBEWithMD5AndDES");
SecretKey key = keyFactory.generateSecret(new PBEKeySpec(SEKRIT));
Cipher pbeCipher = Cipher.getInstance("PBEWithMD5AndDES");
pbeCipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key, new PBEParameterSpec(Settings.Secure.getString(context.getContentResolver(),Settings.Secure.ANDROID_ID).getBytes(UTF8), 20));
return new String(pbeCipher.doFinal(bytes),UTF8);
} catch( Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
}
About the simplest way to store a single preference in an Android Activity is to do something like this:
Editor e = this.getPreferences(Context.MODE_PRIVATE).edit();
e.putString("password", mPassword);
e.commit();
If you're worried about the security of these then you could always encrypt the password before storing it.
Using the snippet provided by Richard, you can encrypt the password before saving it. The preferences API however doesn't provide an easy way to intercept the value and encrypt it - you can block it being saved via an OnPreferenceChange listener, and you theoretically could modify it through a preferenceChangeListener, but that results in an endless loop.
I had earlier suggested adding a "hidden" preference in order to accomplish this. It's definitely not the best way. I'm going to present two other options that I consider to be more viable.
First, the simplest, is in a preferenceChangeListener, you can grab the entered value, encrypt it, and then save it to an alternative preferences file:
public boolean onPreferenceChange(Preference preference, Object newValue) {
// get our "secure" shared preferences file.
SharedPreferences secure = context.getSharedPreferences(
"SECURE",
Context.MODE_PRIVATE
);
String encryptedText = null;
// encrypt and set the preference.
try {
encryptedText = SimpleCrypto.encrypt(Preferences.SEED,(String)newValue);
Editor editor = secure.getEditor();
editor.putString("encryptedPassword",encryptedText);
editor.commit();
}
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// always return false.
return false;
}
The second way, and the way I now prefer, is to create your own custom preference, extending EditTextPreference, @Override'ing the setText() and getText() methods, so that setText() encrypts the password, and getText() returns null.
Okay; it's been a while since the answer is kind-of mixed, but here's a few common answers. I researched this like crazy and it was hard to build a good answer
The MODE_PRIVATE method is considered generally safe, if you assume that the user didn't root the device. Your data is stored in plain text in a part of the file system that can only be accessed by the original program. This makings grabbing the password with another app on a rooted device easy. Then again, do you want to support rooted devices?
AES is still the best encryption you can do. Remember to look this up if you are starting a new implementation if it's been a while since I posted this. The largest issue with this is "What to do with the encryption key?"
So, now we are at the "What to do with the key?" portion. This is the hard part. Getting the key turns out to be not that bad. You can use a key derivation function to take some password and make it a pretty secure key. You do get into issues like "how many passes do you do with PKFDF2?", but that's another topic
Ideally, you store the AES key off the device. You have to figure out a good way to retrieve the key from the server safely, reliably, and securely though
You have a login sequence of some sort (even the original login sequence you do for remote access). You can do two runs of your key generator on the same password. How this works is that you derive the key twice with a new salt and a new secure initialization vector. You store one of those generated passwords on the device, and you use the second password as the AES key.
When you log in, you re-derive the key on the local login and compare it to the stored key. Once that is done, you use derive key #2 for AES.
You can do a lot of variations of these. For example, instead of a full login sequence, you can do a quick PIN (derived). The quick PIN might not be as secure as a full login sequence, but it's many times more secure than plain text
I know this is a little bit of necromancy, but you should use the Android AccountManager. It's purpose-built for this scenario. It's a little bit cumbersome but one of the things it does is invalidate the local credentials if the SIM card changes, so if somebody swipes your phone and throws a new SIM in it, your credentials won't be compromised.
This also gives the user a quick and easy way to access (and potentially delete) the stored credentials for any account they have on the device, all from one place.
SampleSyncAdapter is an example that makes use of stored account credentials.
I'll throw my hat into the ring just to talk about securing passwords in general on Android. On Android, the device binary should be considered compromised - this is the same for any end application which is in direct user control. Conceptually, a hacker could use the necessary access to the binary to decompile it and root out your encrypted passwords and etc.
As such there's two suggestions I'd like to throw out there if security is a major concern for you:
1) Don't store the actual password. Store a granted access token and use the access token and the signature of the phone to authenticate the session server-side. The benefit to this is that you can make the token have a limited duration, you're not compromising the original password and you have a good signature that you can use to correlate to traffic later (to for instance check for intrusion attempts and invalidate the token rendering it useless).
2) Utilize 2 factor authentication. This may be more annoying and intrusive but for some compliance situations unavoidable.
This is a supplemental answer for those arriving here based on the question title (like I did) and don't need to deal with the security issues related to saving passwords.
User settings are generally saved locally in Android using SharedPreferences with a key-value pair. You use the String key to save or look up the associated value.
String key = "myInt";
int valueToSave = 10;
SharedPreferences sharedPref = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(context);
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sharedPref.edit();
editor.putInt(key, valueToSave).commit();
Use apply() instead of commit() to save in the background rather than immediately.
String key = "myInt";
int defaultValue = 0;
SharedPreferences sharedPref = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(context);
int savedValue = sharedPref.getInt(key, defaultValue);
The default value is used if the key isn't found.
Rather than using a local key String in multiple places like I did above, it would be better to use a constant in a single location. You could use something like this at the top of your settings activity:
final static String PREF_MY_INT_KEY = "myInt";
I used an int in my example, but you can also use putString(), putBoolean(), getString(), getBoolean(), etc.
See the documentation for more details.
There are multiple ways to get SharedPreferences. See this answer for what to look out for.
You can also check out this little lib, containing the functionality you mention.
https://github.com/kovmarci86/android-secure-preferences
It is similar to some of the other aproaches here. Hope helps :)
This answer is based on a suggested approach by Mark. A custom version of the EditTextPreference class is created which converts back and forth between the plain text seen in the view and an encrypted version of the password stored in the preferences storage.
As has been pointed out by most who have answered on this thread, this is not a very secure technique, although the degree of security depends partly on the encryption/decryption code used. But it's fairly simple and convenient, and will thwart most casual snooping.
Here is the code for the custom EditTextPreference class:
package com.Merlinia.OutBack_Client;
import android.content.Context;
import android.preference.EditTextPreference;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.util.Base64;
import com.Merlinia.MEncryption_Main.MEncryptionUserPassword;
/**
* This class extends the EditTextPreference view, providing encryption and decryption services for
* OutBack user passwords. The passwords in the preferences store are first encrypted using the
* MEncryption classes and then converted to string using Base64 since the preferences store can not
* store byte arrays.
*
* This is largely copied from this article, except for the encryption/decryption parts:
* https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/android-developers/pMYNEVXMa6M
*/
public class EditPasswordPreference extends EditTextPreference {
// Constructor - needed despite what compiler says, otherwise app crashes
public EditPasswordPreference(Context context) {
super(context);
}
// Constructor - needed despite what compiler says, otherwise app crashes
public EditPasswordPreference(Context context, AttributeSet attributeSet) {
super(context, attributeSet);
}
// Constructor - needed despite what compiler says, otherwise app crashes
public EditPasswordPreference(Context context, AttributeSet attributeSet, int defaultStyle) {
super(context, attributeSet, defaultStyle);
}
/**
* Override the method that gets a preference from the preferences storage, for display by the
* EditText view. This gets the base64 password, converts it to a byte array, and then decrypts
* it so it can be displayed in plain text.
* @return OutBack user password in plain text
*/
@Override
public String getText() {
String decryptedPassword;
try {
decryptedPassword = MEncryptionUserPassword.aesDecrypt(
Base64.decode(getSharedPreferences().getString(getKey(), ""), Base64.DEFAULT));
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
decryptedPassword = "";
}
return decryptedPassword;
}
/**
* Override the method that gets a text string from the EditText view and stores the value in
* the preferences storage. This encrypts the password into a byte array and then encodes that
* in base64 format.
* @param passwordText OutBack user password in plain text
*/
@Override
public void setText(String passwordText) {
byte[] encryptedPassword;
try {
encryptedPassword = MEncryptionUserPassword.aesEncrypt(passwordText);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
encryptedPassword = new byte[0];
}
getSharedPreferences().edit().putString(getKey(),
Base64.encodeToString(encryptedPassword, Base64.DEFAULT))
.commit();
}
@Override
protected void onSetInitialValue(boolean restoreValue, Object defaultValue) {
if (restoreValue)
getEditText().setText(getText());
else
super.onSetInitialValue(restoreValue, defaultValue);
}
}
This shows how it can be used - this is the "items" file that drives the preferences display. Note it contains three ordinary EditTextPreference views and one of the custom EditPasswordPreference views.
<PreferenceScreen xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<EditTextPreference
android:key="@string/useraccountname_key"
android:title="@string/useraccountname_title"
android:summary="@string/useraccountname_summary"
android:defaultValue="@string/useraccountname_default"
/>
<com.Merlinia.OutBack_Client.EditPasswordPreference
android:key="@string/useraccountpassword_key"
android:title="@string/useraccountpassword_title"
android:summary="@string/useraccountpassword_summary"
android:defaultValue="@string/useraccountpassword_default"
/>
<EditTextPreference
android:key="@string/outbackserverip_key"
android:title="@string/outbackserverip_title"
android:summary="@string/outbackserverip_summary"
android:defaultValue="@string/outbackserverip_default"
/>
<EditTextPreference
android:key="@string/outbackserverport_key"
android:title="@string/outbackserverport_title"
android:summary="@string/outbackserverport_summary"
android:defaultValue="@string/outbackserverport_default"
/>
</PreferenceScreen>
As for the actual encryption/decryption, that is left as an exercise for the reader. I'm currently using some code based on this article http://zenu.wordpress.com/2011/09/21/aes-128bit-cross-platform-java-and-c-encryption-compatibility/, although with different values for the key and the initialization vector.
First of all I think User's data shouldn't be stored on phone, and if it is must to store data somewhere on the phone it should be encrypted with in the apps private data. Security of users credentials should be the priority of the application.
The sensitive data should be stored securely or not at all. In the event of a lost device or malware infection, data stored insecurely can be compromised.
I use the Android KeyStore to encrypt the password using RSA in ECB mode and then save it in the SharedPreferences.
When I want the password back I read the encrypted one from the SharedPreferences and decrypt it using the KeyStore.
With this method you generate a public/private Key-pair where the private one is safely stored and managed by Android.
Here is a link on how to do this: Android KeyStore Tutorial
As others already pointed out you can use SharedPreferences generally but if you would like to store data encrypted it's a bit inconvenient. Fortunately, there is an easier and quicker way to encrypt data now since there is an implementation of SharedPreferences that encrypts keys and values. You can use EncryptedSharedPreferences in Android JetPack Security.
Just add AndroidX Security into your build.gradle:
implementation 'androidx.security:security-crypto:1.0.0-rc01'
And you can use it like this:
String masterKeyAlias = MasterKeys.getOrCreate(MasterKeys.AES256_GCM_SPEC);
SharedPreferences sharedPreferences = EncryptedSharedPreferences.create(
"secret_shared_prefs",
masterKeyAlias,
context,
EncryptedSharedPreferences.PrefKeyEncryptionScheme.AES256_SIV,
EncryptedSharedPreferences.PrefValueEncryptionScheme.AES256_GCM
);
// use the shared preferences and editor as you normally would
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sharedPreferences.edit();
See more details: https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2020/02/data-encryption-on-android-with-jetpack.html
Official docs: https://developer.android.com/reference/androidx/security/crypto/EncryptedSharedPreferences
This is how I am doing it.
This does not give errors in strict mode.
public class UserPreferenceUtil
{
private static final String THEME = "THEME";
private static final String LANGUAGE = "LANGUAGE";
public static String getLanguagePreference(Context context)
{
String lang = getPreferenceByKey(context,LANGUAGE);
if( lang==null || "System".equalsIgnoreCase(lang))
{
return null;
}
return lang;
}
public static void saveLanguagePreference(Context context,String value)
{
savePreferenceKeyValue(context, LANGUAGE,value);
}
public static String getThemePreference(Context context)
{
return getPreferenceByKey(context,THEME);
}
public static void saveThemePreference(Context context, String value)
{
savePreferenceKeyValue(context,THEME,value);
}
public static String getPreferenceByKey(Context context, String preferenceKey )
{
SharedPreferences sharedPreferences = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(context);
String value = sharedPreferences.getString(preferenceKey, null);
return value;
}
private static void savePreferenceKeyValue(Context context, String preferenceKey, String value)
{
SharedPreferences sharedPreferences = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(context);
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sharedPreferences.edit();
editor.putString(preferenceKey,value);
editor.apply();
}
}
My app does not need a password. However, rather than saving passwords or encrypted passwords, I would save a one-way hash. When the user logs in, I will hash the input the same way and match it with the stored hash.
you need to use the sqlite, security apit to store the passwords. here is best example, which stores passwords, -- passwordsafe. here is link for the source and explanation -- http://code.google.com/p/android-passwordsafe/
shared preferences is easiest way to store our application data. but it is possible that anyone can clear our shared preferences data through application manager.so i don't think it is completely safe for our application.
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