In one of my first code reviews (a while back), I was told that it's good practice to include a default clause in all switch statements. I recently remembered this advice but can't remember what the justification was. It sounds fairly odd to me now.
Is there a sensible reason for always including a default statement?
Is this language dependent? I don't remember what language I was using at the time - maybe this applies to some languages and not to others?
Switch cases should almost always have a default case.
Reasons to use a default
1.To 'catch' an unexpected value
switch(type)
{
case 1:
//something
case 2:
//something else
default:
// unknown type! based on the language,
// there should probably be some error-handling
// here, maybe an exception
}
2. To handle 'default' actions, where the cases are for special behavior.
You see this a LOT in menu-driven programs and bash shell scripts. You might also see this when a variable is declared outside the switch-case but not initialized, and each case initializes it to something different. Here the default needs to initialize it too so that down the line code that accesses the variable doesn't raise an error.
3. To show someone reading your code that you've covered that case.
variable = (variable == "value") ? 1 : 2;
switch(variable)
{
case 1:
// something
case 2:
// something else
default:
// will NOT execute because of the line preceding the switch.
}
This was an over-simplified example, but the point is that someone reading the code shouldn't wonder why variable cannot be something other than 1 or 2.
The only case I can think of to NOT use default is when the switch is checking something where its rather obvious every other alternative can be happily ignored
switch(keystroke)
{
case 'w':
// move up
case 'a':
// move left
case 's':
// move down
case 'd':
// move right
// no default really required here
}
enum MyEnum { FOO = 0, BAR = 1 }; MyEnum value = (MyEnum)2; makes a valid MyEnum instance that is not equal to FOO or BAR. If either of these issues would cause an error in your project, a default case will help you find the error very quickly, often with no debugger necessary! –
Buttock if-else? That is, should we use if-else if-else instead of simply if-else if? –
Kp No.
What if there is no default action, context matters. What if you only care to act on a few values?
Take the example of reading keypresses for a game
switch(a)
{
case 'w':
// Move Up
break;
case 's':
// Move Down
break;
case 'a':
// Move Left
break;
case 'd':
// Move Right
break;
}
Adding:
default: // Do nothing
Is just a waste of time and increases the complexity of the code for no reason.
// do nothing comment makes it clear that it is 'ok' if not all cases are covered, as opposed to other switch statements where this would be 'not ok'. –
Forethought actOnMovementKeystrokes. This also makes it clear that is ok if not all cases are covered. Bonus: you get a better designed class... –
Noncombatant NOT having the default case can actually be beneficial in some situations.
If your switch cases are enums values, by not having a default case, you can get a compiler warning if you are missing any cases. That way, if new enum values are added in the future and you forget to add cases for these values in the switch, you can find out about the problem at compile time. You should still make sure the code takes appropriate action for unhandled values, in case an invalid value was cast to the enum type. So this may work best for simple cases where you can return within the enum case rather than break.
enum SomeEnum
{
ENUM_1,
ENUM_2,
// More ENUM values may be added in future
};
int foo(SomeEnum value)
{
switch (value)
{
case ENUM_1:
return 1;
case ENUM_2:
return 2;
}
// handle invalid values here
return 0;
}
-Wswitch is on if -Wall is used (which is pretty much every time). The reason it never helped me is that we have a mandatory coding rule in my company that says you have to add default in every switch, and everybody keeps following it blindly. –
Chak I would always use a default clause, no matter what language you are working in.
Things can and do go wrong. Values will not be what you expect, and so on.
Not wanting to include a default clause implies you are confident that you know the set of possible values. If you believe you know the set of possible values then, if the value is outside this set of possible values, you'd want to be informed of it - it's certainly an error.
That's the reason why you should always use a default clause and throw an error, for example in Java:
switch (myVar) {
case 1: ......; break;
case 2: ......; break;
default: throw new RuntimeException("unreachable");
}
There's no reason to include more information than just the "unreachable" string; if it actually happens, you're going to need to look at the source and the values of the variables etc anyway, and the exception stacktrace will include that line number, so no need to waste your time writing more text into the exception message.
throw new RuntimeException("myVar invalid " + myVar); since that might give you enough info to figure out and fix the bug without having to use a debugger and inspect variables, which may be difficult if this is a rarely occurring problem that is tough to reproduce. –
Marzipan default:. But more often that not, one leaves out a default because one thinks myVar can never have any value other than those listed; however I can't count the number of times I've been surprised in real life when the variable has had a value other than the values it "could possibly" have. In those cases, I've been thankful for the exception making me see that right away, rather than causing some other error later (more difficult to debug) or wrong answer (might get overlooked in testing). –
Evania AssertionError instead of RuntimeException, as this situation is very similar to an assertion stating that myVar is one of the handled values. Also the chance that someone catches and swallows the error is smaller. –
Poock AssertionError is a good idea, you're right! I suppose you are right about the issue of people potentially swallowing all Exceptions, but I try and not write code with such people ;-) –
Evania Should a "switch" statement always include a default clause? No. It should usually include a default.
Including a default clause only makes sense if there's something for it to do, such as assert an error condition or provide a default behavior. Including one "just because" is cargo-cult programming and provides no value. It's the "switch" equivalent of saying that all "if" statements should include an "else".
Here's a trivial example of where it makes no sense:
void PrintSign(int i)
{
switch (Math.Sign(i))
{
case 1:
Console.Write("positive ");
break;
case -1:
Console.Write("negative ");
break;
default: // useless
}
Console.Write("integer");
}
This is the equivalent of:
void PrintSign(int i)
{
int sgn = Math.Sign(i);
if (sgn == 1)
Console.Write("positive ");
else if (sgn == -1)
Console.Write("negative ");
else // also useless
{
}
Console.Write("integer");
}
default: in those cases codifies your assumptions. For example, is it OK when sgn==0 to print integer (neither positive nor negative), or is that an error? For me reading that code, it's difficult to say. I'd assume you'd want to write zero in that case not integer, and that the programmer made the assumption that sgn can only be -1 or +1. If that were the case, having the default: would allow the programmer to catch the assumption error early and change the code. –
Evania In my company, we write software for the Avionics and Defense market, and we always include a default statement, because ALL cases in a switch statement must be explicitly handled (even if it is just a comment saying 'Do nothing'). We cannot afford the software just to misbehave or simply crash on unexpected (or even what we think impossible) values.
It can be discussed that a default case is not always necessary, but by always requiring it, it is easily checked by our code analyzers.
As far as i see it the answer is 'default' is optional, saying a switch must always contain a default is like saying every 'if-elseif' must contain a 'else'. If there is a logic to be done by default, then the 'default' statement should be there, but otherwise the code could continue executing without doing anything.
I disagree with the most voted answer of Vanwaril above.
Any code adds complexity. Also tests and documentation must be done for it. So it is always good if you can program using less code. My opinion is that I use a default clause for non-exhaustive switch statements while I use no default clause for exhaustive switch statements. To be sure that I did that right I use a static code analysis tool. So let's go into the details:
Nonexhaustive switch statements: Those should always have a default value. As the name suggests those are statements which do not cover all possible values. This also might not be possible, e.g. a switch statement on an integer value or on a String. Here I would like to use the example of Vanwaril (It should be mentioned that I think he used this example to make a wrong suggestion. I use it here to state the opposite --> Use a default statement):
switch(keystroke)
{
case 'w':
// move up
case 'a':
// move left
case 's':
// move down
case 'd':
// move right
default:
// cover all other values of the non-exhaustive switch statement
}
The player could press any other key. Then we could not do anything (this can be shown in the code just by adding a comment to the default case) or it should for example print something on the screen. This case is relevant as it may happen.
Exhaustive switch statements: Those switch statements cover all possible values, e.g. a switch statement on an enumeration of grade system types. When developing code the first time it is easy to cover all values. However, as we are humans there is a small chance to forget some. Additionally if you add an enum value later such that all switch statements have to be adapted to make them exhaustive again opens the path to error hell. The simple solution is a static code analysis tool. The tool should check all switch statements and check if they are exhaustive or if they have a default value. Here an example for an exhaustive switch statement. First we need an enum:
public enum GradeSystemType {System1To6, SystemAToD, System0To100}
Then we need a variable of this enum like GradeSystemType type = .... An exhaustive switch statement would then look like this:
switch(type)
{
case GradeSystemType.System1To6:
// do something
case GradeSystemType.SystemAToD:
// do something
case GradeSystemType.System0To100:
// do something
}
So if we extend the GradeSystemType by for example System1To3 the static code analysis tool should detect that there is no default clause and the switch statement is not exhaustive so we are save.
Just one additional thing. If we always use a default clause it might happen that the static code analysis tool is not capable of detecting exhaustive or non-exhaustive switch statements as it always detects the default clause. This is super bad as we will not be informed if we extend the enum by another value and forget to add it to one switch statement.
I would say it depends on the language, but in C if you're switching on a enum type and you handle every possible value, you're probably better off NOT including a default case. That way, if you add an additional enum tag later and forget to add it to the switch, a competent compiler will give you a warning about the missing case.
gcc -Wall (sort of the lowest common denominator of competent compilers) gives warnings about enums unhandled in switch statements. –
Marzipan Having a default clause when it's not really needed is Defensive programming This usually leads to code that is overly complex because of too much error handling code. This error handling and detection code harms the readability of the code, makes maintenance harder, and eventually leads to more bugs than it solves.
So I believe that if the default shouldn't be reached - you don't have to add it.
Note that "shouldn't be reached" means that if it reached it's a bug in the software - you do need to test values that may contain unwanted values because of user input, etc.
If you know that the switch statement will only ever have a strict defined set of labels or values, just do this to cover the bases, that way you will always get valid outcome.. Just put the default over the label that would programmatically/logically be the best handler for other values.
switch(ResponseValue)
{
default:
case No:
return false;
case Yes;
return true;
}
default still required here? Or does doing this allow some special syntax that allowed you to omit it? –
Lotte It is better to have both a static check and a dynamic check than only the dynamic check. That's a reason against defaults in enum switches.
Leaving out the default case enables the compiler to optionally warn or fail when it sees an unhandled case. If each case is either a return or break – wrap it in a lambda if necessary, the effective default is conveniently the section after the switch. Which the compiler will insist is reachable, and as such must be handled (because the switch argument may physically be an invalid value, even if that would be logically invalid).
const char *name = [trafficLight]() {
switch (trafficLight) {
case TrafficLight::Green: return "Green";
case TrafficLight::Yellow: return "Yellow";
case TrafficLight::Red: break;
}
return "Red";
}();
Some guidelines mandate a default in all switches, such as MISRA C:
The requirement for a final default clause is defensive programming. This clause shall either take appropriate action or contain a suitable comment as to why no action is taken.
The typical need for a dynamic check is input handling, in a wide sense. If a value comes from outside the program's control, it can't be trusted.
This is also where Misra takes the standpoint of extreme defensive programming, whereby as long as an invalid value is physically representable, it must be checked for, no matter if the program is provably correct. Which makes sense if the software needs to be as reliable as possible in the presence of hardware errors. But as Ophir Yoktan said, most software are better off not "handling" bugs. The latter practice is sometimes called offensive programming.
Atleast it is not mandatory in Java. According to JLS, it says atmost one default case can be present. Which means no default case is acceptable . It at times also depends on the context that you are using the switch statement. For example in Java, the following switch block does not require default case
private static void switch1(String name) {
switch (name) {
case "Monday":
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case "Tuesday":
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
}
}
But in the following method which expects to return a String, default case comes handy to avoid compilation errors
private static String switch2(String name) {
switch (name) {
case "Monday":
System.out.println("Monday");
return name;
case "Tuesday":
System.out.println("Tuesday");
return name;
default:
return name;
}
}
though you can avoid compilation error for the above method without having default case by just having a return statement at the end, but providing default case makes it more readable.
If the switch value (switch(variable)) can't reach the default case, then default case is not at all needed. Even if we keep the default case, it is not at all executed. It is dead code.
It is an optional coding 'convention'. Depending on the use is whether or not it is needed. I personally believe that if you do not need it it shouldn't be there. Why include something that won't be used or reached by the user?
If the case possibilities are limited (i.e. a Boolean) then the default clause is redundant!
Depends on how the switch in particular language works, however in most languages when no case is matched, the execution falls through the switch statement without warning. Imagine you expected some set of values and handled them in switch, however you get another value in the input. Nothing happens and you don't know nothing happened. If you caught the case in default, you would know there was something wrong.
You should have a default to catch un-expected values coming in.
However, I disagree with the Adrian Smith that your error message for default should be something totally meaningless. There may be an un-handled case you didn't forsee (which is kind of the point) that your user will end up seeing and a message like "unreachable" is entirely pointless and doesn't help anyone in that situation.
Case in point, how many times have you had an utterly meaningless BSOD? Or a fatal exception @ 0x352FBB3C32342?
If there is no default case in a switch statement, the behavior can be unpredictable if that case
arises at some point of time, which was not predictable at development stage. It is a good practice
to include a default case.
switch ( x ){
case 0 : { - - - -}
case 1 : { - - - -}
}
/* What happens if case 2 arises and there is a pointer
* initialization to be made in the cases . In such a case ,
* we can end up with a NULL dereference */
Such a practice can result in a bug like NULL dereference, memory leak as well as other types of serious bugs.
For example we assume that each condition initializes a pointer. But if default case is
supposed to arise and if we don’t initialize in this case, then there is every possibility of landing up
with a null pointer exception. Hence it is suggested to use a default case statement, even though it
may be trivial.
The default case may not necessary in the switch used by enum. when switch contained all value, the default case will never execute. So in this case, it is not necessary.
Should switch statements always contain a default clause ?
No switch cases can exist with out default case, in switch case default case will trigger switch value switch(x) in this case x when not match with any other case values.
I believe this is quite language specific and for the C++ case a minor point for enum class type. Which appears more safe than traditional C enum. BUT
If you look at the implementation of std::byte its something like:
enum class byte : unsigned char {} ;
Source: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/enum
And also consider this:
Otherwise, if T is a enumeration type that is either scoped or unscoped with fixed underlying type, and if the braced-init-list has only one initializer, and if the conversion from the initializer to the underlying type is non-narrowing, and if the initialization is direct-list-initialization, then the enumeration is initialized with the result of converting the initializer to its underlying type.
(since C++17)
Source: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/list_initialization
This is an example of enum class representing values that are not defined enumerator. For this reason you cannot place complete trust in enums. Depending on application this might be important.
However, I really like what @Harlan Kassler said in his post and will start using that strategy in some situations myself.
Just an example of unsafe enum class:
enum class Numbers : unsigned
{
One = 1u,
Two = 2u
};
int main()
{
Numbers zero{ 0u };
return 0;
}
I think this is old advice now. In java, the compiler can detect missing values if you are using switch expressions, and give an error. Then it instead becomes a bad practice to add a default, because you will not know that a switch statement broke when you added a new enum vaule for example.
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