In August 2011, Dynamics AX 2012 was released.
It supports .NET now, so you can develop in Visual Studio and any .NET language now.
Read this blog post from the Dynamics AX team for an introduction:
Welcome to Visual Studio and .NET developer community
Here is a code example from MSDN:
Walkthrough: Integrate an Application with Microsoft Dynamics AX Using .NET Business Connector [AX 2012]
You can find a lot more information at the Dynamics AX Developer Center.
They started working on the .NET integration already years ago. Here is a Channel 9 video from 2009 about it:
Peter Villadsen and Gustavo Plancarte: X++ to MSIL
Quote from the link:
The new feature Peter and team have developed is a tool to generate
managed code from the X++ intermediate language produced by the X++
compiler. This will have profound impact on the performance of the
business applications written in X++, and it very clearly points to
where they'll be going in the next few releases of Dynamics Ax.