1.
How the Attribute based API works is, that every TokenStream in your analyzer chain somehow modifies the state of some Attributes on every call of incrementToken(). The last element in your chain then produces the final tokens.
Whenever the client of your analyzer chain calls incrementToken(), the last TokenStream would set the state of some Attributes to whatever is necessary to represent the next token. If it is unable to do so, it may call incrementToken() on its input, to let the previous TokenStream do its work. This goes on until the last TokenStream returns false, indicating, that no more tokens are available.
A captureState copies the state of all Attributes of the calling TokenStream into a State, a restoreState overwrites every Attribute's state with whatever was captured before (is given as an argument).
The way your token filter works is, it will call input.incrementToken(), so that the previous TokenStream will set the Attributes' state to what would be the next token. Then, if your defined condition holds (say, the termAtt is "b"), it would add "bb" to a stack, save this state somewhere and return true, so that the client may consume the token. On the next call of incrementToken(), it would not use input.incrementToken(). Whatever the current state is, it represents the previous, already consumed token. The filter then restores the state, so that everything is exactly as it was before, and then produces "bb" as the current token and returns true, so that the client may consume the token. Only on the next call, it would (again) consume the next token from the previous filter.
This won't actually produce the graph you displayed, but insert "bb" after "b", so it's really
(a) -> (b) -> (bb) -> (c)
So, why do you save the state in the first place?
When producing tokens, you want to make sure, that e.g. phrase queries or highlighting will work correctly. When you have the text "a b c" and "bb" is a synonym for "b", you'd expect the phrase query "b c" to work, as well as "bb c". You have to tell the index, that both, "b" and "bb" are in the same position. Lucene uses a position increment for that and per default, the position increment is 1, meaning that every new token (read, call of incrementToken()) comes 1 position after the previous one. So, with the final positions, the produces stream is
(a:1) -> (b:2) -> (bb:3) -> (c:4)
while you actually want
(a:1) — -> (b:2) -> — (c:3)
\ /
-> (bb:2) ->
So, for your filter to produce the graph, you have to set the position increment to 0 for the inserted "bb"
private final PositionIncrementAttribute posIncAtt = addAttribute(PositionIncrementAttribute.class);
// later in incrementToken
restoreState(savedState);
posIncAtt.setPositionIncrement(0);
termAtt.setEmpty().append(extraTokens.remove());
The restoreState makes sure, that other attributes, like offsets, token types, etc. are preserved and you only have to change the ones, that are required for your use case.
Yes, you are overwriting whatever state was there before restoreState, so it is your responsibility to use this in the right place. And as long as you don't call input.incrementToken(), you don't advance the input stream, so you can do whatever you want with the state.
2.
A stemmer only changes the token, it typically doesn't produce new tokens nor changes the position increment or offsets.
Also, as the position increment means, that the current term should come positionIncrement positions after the previous token, you should have qux with an increment of 1, because it is the next token after of and bar should have an increment of 0 because it is in the same position as qux. The table would rather look like
+--------+---------------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| Term | startOffset | endOffset | posIncrement | posLenght |
+--------+---------------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| fo | 0 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| qux | 4 | 11 | 1 | 2 |
| bar | 4 | 7 | 0 | 1 |
| baz | 8 | 11 | 1 | 1 |
+--------+---------------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
As a basic rule, for multi-term synonyms, where "ABC" is a synonym for "a b c", you should see, that
- positionIncrement("ABC") > 0 (the increment of the first token)
- positionIncrement(*) >= 0 (positions must not go backwards)
- startOffset("ABC") == startOffset("a") and endOffset("ABC") == endOffset("c")
- actually, tokens at the same (start|end) position must have the same (start|end) offset
Hope this helps to shed some light.
