How can I downcast from Box<Any> to a trait object type?

Question

pub struct WidgetWrap {
    // ...
    widget: RefCell<Box<Any>>,
}

At some point I want to cast Box<Any> to Box<WidgetTrait>

let mut cell = widget.borrow_mut();
let w = cell.downcast_mut::<Box<WidgetTrait>>();

This gives me an error of this kind:

error: instantiating a type parameter with an incompatible type
`Box<WidgetTrait>`, which does not fulfill `'static` [E0144]

What does this really mean?

I've looked at How to fix: value may contain references; add `'static` bound to `T` and did try adding + 'static everywhere.

pub struct WidgetWrap {
    // ...
    widget: RefCell<Box<Any + 'static>>,
}
let mut cell = widget.borrow_mut();
let w = cell.downcast_mut::<Box<WidgetTrait + 'static>>();

It fixes the compile errors, but fails when I try to unwrap the downcasted box as shown above. And yes, the content of the box is an object that implements WidgetTrait.

Obviously, I am coding in Rust at a level that I don't quite understand, but maybe someone can help me get a better grip on the concepts involved in the above task.

Unlicensed

Why use Box<Any> at all if it's supposed to be a Box<WidgetTrait>? – Drunken

The Box<Any> are a wide variety of values. They all have the WidgetTrait, but I also need to occasionally cast them to their specific instances. – Unlicensed

Answer 1

(I shall ignore the 'static part as it’s comparatively irrelevant for the parts I’m explaining.)

Box<Trait> for a given trait Trait is stored as two pieces of data: a pointer to the actual data in memory and a pointer to the vtable for its type’s implementation of Trait.

From that, you may see that you can only have one level of traityness—if you have a Box<WidgetTrait> and you box it again as Box<Any>, you would only be able to get it out as a Box<WidgetTrait> object. Similarly, if you take a type Widget that implements WidgetTrait and box it in a Box<Any>, you can only get it out as a Widget object, not as a Box<WidgetTrait> object.

Such is the nature of the type IDs being used internally: unlike in a dynamic or VM-based language, the type system is purely a compile-time construct; there is no such thing as the type system at runtime.

The solution, if you really need a solution along these lines (you probably don’t; sticking with just a Box<WidgetTrait> is probably the best way) is to have a trait which also implements what Any does. This is not the simplest thing at present, but can be done. Teepee’s Header trait is an example of how this can work; a Box<Header> object will have the header-transforming methods as well as Any’s .downcast_ref() and so forth.

Callipash

Answer 2

The original code works as-is in at least Rust 1.25; presumably there was a bug or limitation in the compiler that has since been fixed:

use std::{any::Any, cell::RefCell};

trait WidgetTrait {}

fn example(widget: RefCell<Box<dyn Any>>) {
    let mut cell = widget.borrow_mut();
    let _w = cell.downcast_mut::<Box<dyn WidgetTrait>>();
}

As pointed out by trentcl, that doesn't mean that this does what you want:

This compiles, I admit, but it cannot succeed when the content of the box is an object that implements WidgetTrait, because it downcasts specifically to Box<WidgetTrait (+ 'static)>. You'd have to create a Box<Box<WidgetTrait + 'static>> for it to work. (Put another way, the type parameter of downcast_mut is the unboxed type T, not Box<T>.)

use std::{any::Any, cell::RefCell};

trait WidgetTrait {
    fn demo(&mut self);
}

fn example(widget: RefCell<Box<dyn Any>>) {
    let mut cell = widget.borrow_mut();
    match cell.downcast_mut::<Box<dyn WidgetTrait>>() {
        Some(w) => w.demo(),
        None => println!("Not here!"),
    }
}

struct Alpha(u8);
impl WidgetTrait for Alpha {
    fn demo(&mut self) {
        self.0 += 1;
        dbg!(self.0);
    }
}

fn main() {
    let b: Box<dyn Any> = Box::new(Alpha(0));
    let r = RefCell::new(b);
    example(r);
}

Not here!

Boxing it twice:

fn main() {
    let b: Box<dyn WidgetTrait> = Box::new(Alpha(0));
    let b2: Box<dyn Any> = Box::new(b);
    let r = RefCell::new(b2);
    example(r);
}

[src/main.rs:19] self.0 = 1

See also:

• How to get a reference to a concrete type from a trait object?

Eelworm

This compiles, I admit, but it cannot succeed when the content of the box is an object that implements WidgetTrait, because it downcasts specifically to Box<WidgetTrait (+ 'static)>. You'd have to create a Box<Box<WidgetTrait + 'static>> for it to work. (Put another way, the type parameter of downcast_mut is the unboxed type T, not Box<T>.) – Doubleteam