Like Ashwell, I've found it useful to use imports to ensure that all my LESS files have access to the variables and mixins that they need. I also use a LESS file with imports for bundling purposes. This has a few advantages:
- I can leverage LESS's features to do complex things like overriding variable values to produce multiple themes, or prepending a class to every rule in another LESS file.
- There's no need for the concat plugin.
- Tools like Web Essentials for Visual Studio can give syntax help and output previews, because every LESS file is fully capable of being rendered by itself.
Where you want to import variables, mixins, etc, but you don't want to actually output the entire contents of another file, you can use:
@import (reference) "_colors.less";
After a few days of effort, I was finally able to get an incremental build that correctly rebuilds all the objects that depend on the LESS file I changed. I documented the results here. This is the final gulpfile:
/*
* This file defines how our static resources get built.
* From the StaticCommon root folder, call "gulp" to compile all generated
* client-side resources, or call "gulp watch" to keep checking source
* files, and rebuild them whenever they are changed. Call "gulp live" to
* do both (build and watch).
*/
/* Dependency definitions: in order to avoid forcing everyone to have
* node/npm installed on their systems, we are including all of the
* necessary dependencies in the node_modules folder. To install new ones,
* you must install nodejs on your machine, and use the "npm install XXX"
* command. */
var gulp = require('gulp');
var less = require('gulp-less');
var LessPluginCleanCss = require('less-plugin-clean-css'),
cleanCss = new LessPluginCleanCss();
var sourcemaps = require('gulp-sourcemaps');
var rename = require('gulp-rename');
var cache = require('gulp-cached');
var progeny = require('gulp-progeny');
var filter = require('gulp-filter');
var plumber = require('gulp-plumber');
var debug = require('gulp-debug');
gulp.task('less', function() {
return gulp
// Even though some of our LESS files are just references, and
// aren't built, we need to start by looking at all of them because
// if any of them change, we may need to rebuild other less files.
.src(
['Content/@(Theme|Areas|Css)/**/*.less'],
{ base: 'Content' })
// This makes it so that errors are output to the console rather
// than silently crashing the app.
.pipe(plumber({
errorHandler: function (err) {
console.log(err);
// And this makes it so "watch" can continue after an error.
this.emit('end');
}
}))
// When running in "watch" mode, the contents of these files will
// be kept in an in-memory cache, and after the initial hit, we'll
// only rebuild when file contents change.
.pipe(cache('less'))
// This will build a dependency tree based on any @import
// statements found by the given REGEX. If you change one file,
// we'll rebuild any other files that reference it.
.pipe(progeny({
regexp: /^\s*@import\s*(?:\(\w+\)\s*)?['"]([^'"]+)['"]/
}))
// Now that we've set up the dependency tree, we can filter out
// any files whose
// file names start with an underscore (_)
.pipe(filter(['**/*.less', '!**/_*.less']))
// This will output the name of each LESS file that we're about
// to rebuild.
.pipe(debug({ title: 'LESS' }))
// This starts capturing the line-numbers as we transform these
// files, allowing us to output a source map for each LESS file
// in the final stages.
// Browsers like Chrome can pick up those source maps and show you
// the actual LESS source line that a given rule came from,
// despite the source file's being transformed and minified.
.pipe(sourcemaps.init())
// Run the transformation from LESS to CSS
.pipe(less({
// Minify the CSS to get rid of extra space and most CSS
// comments.
plugins: [cleanCss]
}))
// We need a reliable way to indicate that the file was built
// with gulp, so we can ignore it in Mercurial commits.
// Lots of css libraries get distributed as .min.css files, so
// we don't want to exclude that pattern. Let's try .opt.css
// instead.
.pipe(rename(function(path) {
path.extname = ".opt.css";
}))
// Now that we've captured all of our sourcemap mappings, add
// the source map comment at the bottom of each minified CSS
// file, and output the *.css.map file to the same folder as
// the original file.
.pipe(sourcemaps.write('.'))
// Write all these generated files back to the Content folder.
.pipe(gulp.dest('Content'));
});
// Keep an eye on any LESS files, and if they change then invoke the
// 'less' task.
gulp.task('watch', function() {
return gulp.watch('Content/@(Theme|Areas|Css)/**/*.less', ['less']);
});
// Build things first, then keep a watch on any changed files.
gulp.task('live', ['less', 'watch']);
// This is the task that's run when you run "gulp" without any arguments.
gulp.task('default', ['less']);
We can now simply run gulp live to build all our LESS files once, and then allow each subsequent change to just build those files that depend on the changed files.
cachednecessary? Does removing it from the pipeline make things work? They work for me, but I don't know if I am doing the same thing as you. Could you provide the step to duplicate your errors? – Reticular