In Core Bluetooth you need to use the characteristics for communication. There is no standard stream based API like in the External Accessory Framework and I don't know of any open source libraries that implement something like that.
Basic operation
Peripheral -> Central:
- Central subscribes to characteristic (either with notifications or indications)
- Peripheral receives the subscribed callback so knows that the central is listening
- Peripheral updates characteristic
- Central receives characteristic updated notification
Central -> Peripheral:
- Central writes characteristic
- Peripheral receives write request update
The actual speed you can achieve depends on various factors. With indications the data is never lost (like TCP) but notifications don't have such guarantees (like UDP).
More info
I suggest you check out the official Core Bluetooth Programming Guide and concentrate on the
sections. But better would be studying the whole guide as is. For a working example, check out the BTLE Transfer example from Apple, as well.