You have (2) options here - you can roll your own or leverage an existing preview handler.
Existing Preview Handlers
Windows Preview Handler Pack: handles aspx, cs, css, js, sql, vb, etc.
Custom Preview Handlers
You should checkout the Preview Handler Framework used by both Windows Shell and Office Outlook. There is a great walkthrough and sample code for building managed previewers in the January 2007 edition of MSDN magazine.
Channel9 has a video presentation describing the managed preview handler.
The Preview Handler Editor will show you what extensions are associated to what previewers.
Preview Handler Registry Configuration describes the registry key configuration used when looking for preview handlers.
Once you have the hook for the previewer in place - it would be up to you how you handle syntax highlighting, etc.