Expanding on Daniel Trimble's answer, which worked for me:
I would like to help more people find this useful answer by adding a little more context. What is Integrated Windows Authentication, and why would you want to disable it?
Basically, Integrated Windows Authentication allows a browser such as Chrome to access credentials that are stored on your computer (for example, the password you use to log into your office computer) and use those same credentials to log you into a website (for example, a password-protected portion of your company's website). This occurs behind the scenes, without a visible password prompt.
The problem is that you may not want to be automatically logged into a particular website.
Example: I like to use Chrome as a test browser to see the "public" view of my company's website. Generally I log into our site in Firefox or IE, make changes there, and then view the site in Chrome to make sure my changes were "published" as intended.
Suddenly, one day, I could no longer stay signed out of my company's website in Chrome. Whenever I navigated to a password-protected page, instead of giving me a login prompt, Chrome would automatically sign me in to Microsoft SharePoint (my company's content-management system) and show me the "logged in" version of that page.
If something similar is happening to you, there are other, more obvious things you should try first. Start by clearing your saved passwords (Chrome menu button > Settings > Show advanced settings > Passwords and forms > Manage passwords).
Clearing my saved passwords didn't work for me, so I tried other things: cleared the cache, removed all cookies, reset Chrome's settings, uninstalled and reinstalled Chrome. I even visited a password-protected page in an Incognito window, but Chrome still signed me in automatically.
Finally I found this Stack Overflow page, which solved the problem. (Thank you, Daniel Trimble!) Integrated Windows Authentication was the culprit. IWA used to be turned off by default in Chrome; you had to enable it via a checkbox in your Internet Options (shared with IE). At some point in the recent past, Google apparently decided to enable IWA by default. The unfortunate part is that they did not provide an option under Chrome's Settings panel to disable it. At least there's this workaround!