I want to add to dmbreth's CORRECT answer.
I was missing the concept that the value of the parameter still needed to be tied to something. Originally, I was tying the output of a dataset by using the Available values portion of the parameter properties, but according to dmbreth's answer, that could not be the case. Finally I moved my output dependence settings from the Available Values section to the Default Values section and that did the trick.
So, in summary, in the parameter properties dialogue:
General Page - Allow multiple values checked(this option is specific to my application), parameter visibility set to internal
Available Values Page - None
Default Values Page - Get values from query, [appropriate dataset, value here]
Advanced Page - No significance here
Hopefully, that is clear enough to benefit someone else with the same problem...