I read through many of the posts on here and never found a clear answer that worked. So after spending the time getting this to work, I figured I should post it.
Problem: The publishing profile would build on the server, but would not publish.
Solution:
Make sure you installed Microsoft Windows SDK and .Net Framework 4
From your client machine with Visual Studio 2012 update 2 installed, copy:
\Program Files(x86)\MSBuild\Microsoft\Visual Studio\v11.0\Web\ \Program Files(x86)\MSBuild\Microsoft\Visual Studio\v11.0\WebApplications\
To the same location on your server.
Then make a simple batch file:
"C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\msbuild.exe" /v:diag YOUPROJECT.sln /p:Configuration=Debug /p:DeployOnBuild=true /p:PublishProfile=YOURPROFILE
This is working for us on multiple build servers.
I hope this helps someone.
It seems insane to me that Microsoft hasn't provided a MSBuild update with all the publishing options. It seems to me that the command line tools are more important on the server....