I would imagine that using this api would go way, way beyond the contract in the Android framework. It might work on some devices, but not on others.
In fact, there's no guarantee, afaik, that Android even runs under Linux. For example, the new Blackberry devices run Blackberry's proprietary OS, but still run Android apps.
Finally, the version of Linux that most Android devices run is a highly-stripped-down version. They didn't include any features that the Android API doesn't need. If Android doesn't need libcap, then it's probably not included.
Perhaps you could tell us exactly what it is you're trying to do.