I've tried checking other answers, but I'm still confused — especially after seeing W3schools HTML 5 reference.
I thought HTML 4.01 was supposed to "allow" single-tags to just be <img> and <br>. Then XHTML came along with <img /> and <br /> (where someone said that the space is there for older browsers).
Now I'm wondering how I'm supposed to format my code when practicing HTML 5.
Is it <br>, <br/> or <br />?
Simply <br> is sufficient.
The other forms are there for compatibility with XHTML; to make it possible to write the same code as XHTML, and have it also work as HTML. Some systems that generate HTML may be based on XML generators, and thus do not have the ability to output just a bare <br> tag; if you're using such a system, it's fine to use <br/>, it's just not necessary if you don't need to do it.
XHTML is not commonly used. In such an event, the content would need to be served as application/xhtml+xml for it to be interpreted as XHTML, and that will not work in old versions of IE - it will also mean that any small validation error made would prevent the page from being displayed. So, most of what looks like XHTML on the web is actually being served, and interpreted, as HTML. See Serving XHTML as text/html Considered Harmful for some more information.
I think this quote from the HTML5 Standard provides the answer:
3.2.2.2 Void Elements
The term void elements is used to designate elements that must be empty. These requirements only apply to the HTML syntax. In XHTML, all such elements are treated as normal elements, but must be marked up as empty elements.
These elements are forbidden from containing any content at all. In HTML, these elements have a start tag only. The self-closing tag syntax may be used. The end tag must be omitted because the element is automatically closed by the parser.
HTML Example:
A void element in the HTML syntax. This is not permitted in the XHTML syntax.<hr>Example:
A void element using the HTML- and XHTML-compatible self-closing tag syntax.<hr/>XHTML Example:
A void element using the XHTML-only syntax with an explicit end tag. This is not permitted for void elements in the HTML syntax.<hr></hr>
In other words:
<IMG></IMG><IMG>, <IMG/>And while HTML forbids certain closing tags, xhtml requires them:
<img><img></img> or <img/>Other elements that are forbidden from having a closing tag in HTML:
| Element | Valid HTML | Valid XHTML |
|---|---|---|
| AREA | <AREA> |
<AREA></AREA> |
| BASE | <BASE> |
<BASE></BASE> |
| BASEFONT | <BASEFONT> |
<BASEFONT></BASEFONT> |
| BR | <BR> |
<BR></BR> |
| COL | <COL> |
<COL></COL> |
| FRAME | <FRAME> |
<FRAME></FRAME> |
| HR | <HR> |
<HR></HR> |
| IMG | <IMG> |
<IMG></IMG> |
| INPUT | <INPUT> |
<INPUT></INPUT> |
| ISINDEX | <ISINDEX> |
<ISINDEX></ISINDEX> |
| LINK | <LINK> |
<LINK></LINK> |
| META | <META> |
<META></META> |
| PARAM | <PARAM> |
<PARAM></PARAM> |
The fact that HTML forbids certain closing tags, while XHTML requires them is XHTML's problem. If you're writing HTML, you follow the HTML rules.
At the same time, browers gave up trying to enforce the standards, because everyone gets it wrong. It's not obvious:
</BR> is forbidden</P> is optional</SPAN> is requiredAnd then xhtml came along, with its XML rule that every element must have a closing tag, and people just assumed that HTML was the same thing. So the standards gave up, and were later revised to throw up their hands to the reality.
XML doesn't allow leaving tags open, so it makes <br> a bit worse than the other two. The other two are roughly equivalent with the second (<br/>) preferred for compatibility with older browsers. Actually, space before / is preferred for compatibility sake, but I think it only makes sense for tags that have attributes. So I'd say either <br/> or <br />, whichever pleases your aesthetics.
To sum it up: all three are valid with the first one (<br>) being a bit less "portable".
Edit: Now that we're all crazy about specs, I think it worth pointing out that according to dev.w3.org:
Start tags consist of the following parts, in exactly the following order:
- A "<" character.
- The element’s tag name.
- Optionally, one or more attributes, each of which must be preceded by one or more space characters.
- Optionally, one or more space characters.
- Optionally, a "/" character, which may be present only if the element is a void element.
- A ">" character.
In HTML (up to HTML 4): use <br>
In HTML 5: <br> is preferred, but <br/> and <br /> is also acceptable
In XHTML: <br /> is preferred. Can also use <br/> or <br></br>
Notes:
<br></br> is not valid in HTML 5, it will be thought of as two line breaks.<br/> but not <br />Reference:
<br/> and <br /> (with a SPACE) are equal, with no preference for either. See the XML 1.0 spec. Whitespace (SPACE, tab, or LINE FEED) before the /> is optional, with no preference. –
Penneypenni <br /> for compatibility with XHTML / XML (and related tools). And that should be the end story, IMHO. –
Gizela According to the spec the expected form is <br> for HTML 5 but a closing slash is permitted.
I would recommend using <br /> for the following reasons:
1) Text and XML editors that highlight XML syntax in different colours will highlight properly with <br /> but this is not always the case if you use <br>
2) <br /> is backwards-compatible with XHTML and well-formed HTML (ie: XHTML) is often easier to validate for errors and debug
3) Some old parsers and some coding specs require the space before the closing slash (ie: <br /> instead of <br/>) such as the WordPress Plugin Coding spec: http://make.wordpress.org/core/handbook/coding-standards/html/
I my experience, I have never come across a case where using <br /> is problematic, however, there are many cases where <br/> or especially <br> might be problematic in older browsers and tools.
/ character immediately preceding the final >. But it has no effect. It is ignored if it is there. If the / was a preferred piece of the syntax, the standard would say should rather than may. –
Rook XML requires all tags to have a corresponding closing tag. So there is a special short-hand syntax for tags without inner contents.
HTML5 is not XML, so it should not pose such a requirement. Neither is HTML 4.01.
For instance, in HTML5 specs, all examples with br tag use <br> syntax, not <br/>.
UPD Actually, <br/> is permitted in HTML5. 9.1.2.1, 7.
If you're interested in comparability (not compatibility, but comparability) then I'd stick with <br />.
Otherwise, <br> is fine.
If you are outputting HTML on a regular website you can use <br> or <br/>, both are valid anytime you are serving HTML5 as text/html.
If you are serving HTML5 as XHTML (i.e. content type application/xhtml+xml, with an XML declaration) then you must use a self closing tag like so: <br/>.
If you don't the some browsers may flat out refuse to render your page (Firefox in particular is very strict about rendering only valid xhtml+xml pages).
As noted in 1. <br/> is also valid for HTML5 that happens to be generated as XML but served as a regular text/html without an XML declaration (such as from an XSL Transform that generates web pages, or something similar).
To clear up confusion: Putting a space before the slash isn't required in HTML5 and doesn't make any difference to how the page is rendered (if anyone can cite an example I'll retract this, but I don't believe it's true - but IE certainly does a lot of other odd things with all forms of <br> tags).
The excellent validator at http://validator.w3.org is really helpful for checking what's valid (although I'm not sure you can rely on it to also check content-type).
<br />, when should I use unclosed <br>? –
Margaretamargarete <br/>, certainly nothing to be worried about in this day and age. –
Epistrophe Both <br> and <br /> are acceptable in HTML5, but in the spirit of HTML, <br> should be used. HTML5 allows closing slashes in order to be more compatible with documents that were previously HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0, allowing easier migration to HTML5. Of course, <br/> is also acceptable, but to be compatible with some older browsers, there should be a space before the closing slash (/).
<br /> is perfectly acceptable, and W3Schools is not the spec for HTML. See the HTML5 spec, which clearly states that "Then, if the element is one of the void elements, or if the element is a foreign element, then there may be a single "/" (U+002F) character. [emphasis added]" –
Bock <br> is sufficient but in XHTML <br /> is preferred according to the WHATWG and according to the W3C.
To quote Section 8.1.2.1 of HTML 5.2 W3C Recommendation, 14 December 2017
Start tags must have the following format:
…
After the attributes, or after the tag name if there are no attributes, there may be one or more space characters. (Some attributes are required to be followed by a space. See §8.1.2.3 Attributes below.)
Then, if the element is one of the void elements, or if the element is a foreign element, then there may be a single U+002F SOLIDUS character (/). This character has no effect on void elements, but on foreign elements it marks the start tag as self-closing.
If you use Dreamweaver CS6, then it will autocomplete as <br />.
To validate your HTML file on W3C see : http://validator.w3.org/
<br> might be used in XHTML, which is not truth. –
Gizela <br> and <br/> render differently. Some browsers interpret <br/> as <br></br> and insert two line breaks
<br /> means <br>>. –
Inguinal <br/> are virtually extinct. They were already quite rare by the time the answer was posted. –
Dulles <br/> is the most appropriate one. This tag notation can also be used in Reactjs where a line break is required instead of <br>
Most of the cases in HTML, the tags are in pair. But for a line break you don't need a pair of tags. Therefore to indicate this, HTML uses <br/> format. <br/> is the right one. Use that format.
<br> tag has no end tag in HTML
In XHTML, the <br> tag must be properly closed, like this: <br />
In XML every tag must be closed. XHTML is an extension of XML, hence all the rules of XML must be followed for valid XHTML. Hence even empty tags (nodes without child nodes) like
should be closed. XML has a short form called self closing tags for empty nodes. You can write <br></br> as <br />. Hence in XHTML <br /> is used.
HTML is very lenient in this regard, and there is no such rule. So in HTML empty nodes like <br> <hr> <meta> etc are written without the closing forward slash.
HTML
<br>
<hr>
<meta name="keywords" content="">
<link rel="canonical" href="http://www.google.com/">
XHTML
<br />
<hr />
<meta name="keywords" content="" />
<link rel="canonical" href="http://www.google.com/" />
Not all tags can be self closed. For example, a tag like <script src="jQuery.min.js" /> is not allowed by XHTML DTD.
Ummm.....does anyone know a SINGLE vendor, user-agent, or browser maker that has ever followed the W3C Specifications 100%??? So if HTML5 says it supports all three break element versions, you can bet the vendors support the same and even more sloppier versions!
The ONLY thing that matters in this debate is to CONSISTENTLY use coding that also happens to follow XML specifications as well as HTML specifications when possible. That means you should use the correct XML version of the break tag and encourage all your team to do the same:
<br />
The same space-slash format should apply for the img, a, hr, and meta tags in your code. Why? Because:
Besides, in the robotic and machine world that's here, where robots don't have the same Human-interface coding problems HTML5 solves for us, they will gladly go back to XML data systems and parse such UI web pages much faster when converted to XML data.
Well all I know is that <br /> gives a break with a white line and <br> just gives a break in some cases. This happened to me when I was setting up an IPN-script (PHP) and sent mails and checked the inbox for it. Dont know why but I only got the message to look neat using both <br /> and <br>
Have a look at the mail here: http://snag.gy/cLxUa.jpg
The first two sections of text is seperated by <br />, hence the whitespace lines, the last three rows of text in the bottom and the last section is seperated by <br> and just gives new row.
<br> and <br /> render differently in some browsers, so choosing either over the other isn't going to hurt your project, but do expect a bulk find..replace to affect the page render in some browsers, which may result in extra work for yourself or even embarrassment should the change affect nothing in your test browser, but break it in the preferred browser of your clients'.
I prefer <br> since it is what I have used since Erwise and Netscape Navigator (early web browsers), but there's no reason not to choose <br /> instead. It may be useful for some preprocessing, comparability, etc.
Even if your choice boils down to preferring the look of one over the other, or you (or your favourite HTML editor e.g. Dreamweaver) might like your code to be xml compliant. It's up to you.
A quick side note:
Not to be confused with br, but in addition you may also consider using wbr tags in your HTML: A word break opportunity tag, which specifies where in a text it would be ok to add a line-break.
For further reading, please have a read of the HTML5 spec.
<br>, of course, is a void element, as you can see in the link in the quote. –
Bock © 2022 - 2024 — McMap. All rights reserved.
<br/>or<br />they will eventually be converted to<br>by the browser. – Ganny