I need to hash passwords for storage in a database. How can I do this in Java?
I was hoping to take the plain text password, add a random salt, then store the salt and the hashed password in the database.
Then when a user wanted to log in, I could take their submitted password, add the random salt from their account information, hash it and see if it equates to the stored hash password with their account information.
You can actually use a facility built in to the Java runtime to do this. The SunJCE in Java 6 supports PBKDF2, which is a good algorithm to use for password hashing.
SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
byte[] salt = new byte[16];
random.nextBytes(salt);
KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec("password".toCharArray(), salt, 65536, 128);
SecretKeyFactory f = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1");
byte[] hash = f.generateSecret(spec).getEncoded();
Base64.Encoder enc = Base64.getEncoder();
System.out.printf("salt: %s%n", enc.encodeToString(salt));
System.out.printf("hash: %s%n", enc.encodeToString(hash));
Here's a utility class that you can use for PBKDF2 password authentication:
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.security.spec.KeySpec;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;
/**
* Hash passwords for storage, and test passwords against password tokens.
*
* Instances of this class can be used concurrently by multiple threads.
*
* @author erickson
* @see <a href="https://mcmap.net/q/36249/-how-can-i-hash-a-password-in-java">StackOverflow</a>
*/
public final class PasswordAuthentication
{
/**
* Each token produced by this class uses this identifier as a prefix.
*/
public static final String ID = "$31$";
/**
* The minimum recommended cost, used by default
*/
public static final int DEFAULT_COST = 16;
private static final String ALGORITHM = "PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1";
private static final int SIZE = 128;
private static final Pattern layout = Pattern.compile("\\$31\\$(\\d\\d?)\\$(.{43})");
private final SecureRandom random;
private final int cost;
public PasswordAuthentication()
{
this(DEFAULT_COST);
}
/**
* Create a password manager with a specified cost
*
* @param cost the exponential computational cost of hashing a password, 0 to 30
*/
public PasswordAuthentication(int cost)
{
iterations(cost); /* Validate cost */
this.cost = cost;
this.random = new SecureRandom();
}
private static int iterations(int cost)
{
if ((cost < 0) || (cost > 30))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("cost: " + cost);
return 1 << cost;
}
/**
* Hash a password for storage.
*
* @return a secure authentication token to be stored for later authentication
*/
public String hash(char[] password)
{
byte[] salt = new byte[SIZE / 8];
random.nextBytes(salt);
byte[] dk = pbkdf2(password, salt, 1 << cost);
byte[] hash = new byte[salt.length + dk.length];
System.arraycopy(salt, 0, hash, 0, salt.length);
System.arraycopy(dk, 0, hash, salt.length, dk.length);
Base64.Encoder enc = Base64.getUrlEncoder().withoutPadding();
return ID + cost + '$' + enc.encodeToString(hash);
}
/**
* Authenticate with a password and a stored password token.
*
* @return true if the password and token match
*/
public boolean authenticate(char[] password, String token)
{
Matcher m = layout.matcher(token);
if (!m.matches())
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid token format");
int iterations = iterations(Integer.parseInt(m.group(1)));
byte[] hash = Base64.getUrlDecoder().decode(m.group(2));
byte[] salt = Arrays.copyOfRange(hash, 0, SIZE / 8);
byte[] check = pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations);
int zero = 0;
for (int idx = 0; idx < check.length; ++idx)
zero |= hash[salt.length + idx] ^ check[idx];
return zero == 0;
}
private static byte[] pbkdf2(char[] password, byte[] salt, int iterations)
{
KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(password, salt, iterations, SIZE);
try {
SecretKeyFactory f = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
return f.generateSecret(spec).getEncoded();
}
catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Missing algorithm: " + ALGORITHM, ex);
}
catch (InvalidKeySpecException ex) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid SecretKeyFactory", ex);
}
}
/**
* Hash a password in an immutable {@code String}.
*
* <p>Passwords should be stored in a {@code char[]} so that it can be filled
* with zeros after use instead of lingering on the heap and elsewhere.
*
* @deprecated Use {@link #hash(char[])} instead
*/
@Deprecated
public String hash(String password)
{
return hash(password.toCharArray());
}
/**
* Authenticate with a password in an immutable {@code String} and a stored
* password token.
*
* @deprecated Use {@link #authenticate(char[],String)} instead.
* @see #hash(String)
*/
@Deprecated
public boolean authenticate(String password, String token)
{
return authenticate(password.toCharArray(), token);
}
}
BigInteger: leading zeros are removed. That's ok for quick debug, but I have seen bugs in production code due to that effect. –
Landre BigInteger with padded base-64. –
Faa authenticate() method with the password. –
Faa authenticate(char[] password, String token) you changed if into |= operator? Is there any benefit in this? It looks like only effect will be longer execution time, or I miss something? –
Penetrance 1ixrvSfjhPqd / $31$16$VKx6w7TTTyO8H504Ajxk6BOW034fSyZYhuayMVsf2P8. Try storing that token in your database and see if you can login then. If so, it suggests that your enrollment process is broken. Of course, if you set that password on an account, the stored token will be different, since a different salt will be used. –
Faa authenticate() method returns true when I pass haslo for a password and each of those hashes. Examine the value of your inputs and outputs right at the method, with a debugger or log statements (but don't log passwords in a production system). It looks like something is wrong downstream from the authenticate() call. –
Faa random defined on line 2 of first code block in provided answer? When you provide an answer, could you please elaborate on what you are doing? –
Quell Random in place of SecureRandom, as demonstrated in the complete example. –
Faa BCrypt is a very good library, and there is a Java port of it.
You could use Spring Security Crypto (has only 2 optional compile dependencies), which supports PBKDF2, BCrypt, SCrypt and Argon2 password encryption.
Argon2PasswordEncoder argon2PasswordEncoder = new Argon2PasswordEncoder();
String aCryptedPassword = argon2PasswordEncoder.encode("password");
boolean passwordIsValid = argon2PasswordEncoder.matches("password", aCryptedPassword);
SCryptPasswordEncoder sCryptPasswordEncoder = new SCryptPasswordEncoder();
String sCryptedPassword = sCryptPasswordEncoder.encode("password");
boolean passwordIsValid = sCryptPasswordEncoder.matches("password", sCryptedPassword);
BCryptPasswordEncoder bCryptPasswordEncoder = new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
String bCryptedPassword = bCryptPasswordEncoder.encode("password");
boolean passwordIsValid = bCryptPasswordEncoder.matches("password", bCryptedPassword);
Pbkdf2PasswordEncoder pbkdf2PasswordEncoder = new Pbkdf2PasswordEncoder();
String pbkdf2CryptedPassword = pbkdf2PasswordEncoder.encode("password");
boolean passwordIsValid = pbkdf2PasswordEncoder.matches("password", pbkdf2CryptedPassword);
You can comput hashes using MessageDigest, but this is wrong in terms of security. Hashes are not to be used for storing passwords, as they are easily breakable.
You should use another algorithm like bcrypt, PBKDF2 and scrypt to store you passwords. See here.
The salt is not secret if salt is not a secret, wouldn't an attacker who steals the password also steal the salt and simply concatenate it to all passwords that he guesses? What kind of security does the salt add to the whole processes? Please help me understand. –
Wormwood You can use the Shiro library's (formerly JSecurity) implementation of what is described by OWASP.
It also looks like the JASYPT library has a similar utility.
Fully agree with Erickson that PBKDF2 is the answer.
If you don't have that option, or only need to use a hash, Apache Commons DigestUtils is much easier than getting JCE code right: https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-codec/apidocs/org/apache/commons/codec/digest/DigestUtils.html
If you use a hash, go with sha256 or sha512. This page has good recommendations on password handling and hashing (note it doesn't recommend hashing for password handling): http://www.daemonology.net/blog/2009-06-11-cryptographic-right-answers.html
In addition to bcrypt and PBKDF2 mentioned in other answers, I would recommend looking at scrypt
MD5 and SHA-1 are not recommended as they are relatively fast thus using "rent per hour" distributed computing (e.g. EC2) or a modern high end GPU one can "crack" passwords using brute force / dictionary attacks in relatively low costs and reasonable time.
If you must use them, then at least iterate the algorithm a predefined significant amount of times (1000+).
See here for more: https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/211/how-to-securely-hash-passwords
And here: http://codahale.com/how-to-safely-store-a-password/ (criticizes SHA family, MD5 etc for password hashing purposes)
While the NIST recommendation PBKDF2 has already been mentioned, I'd like to point out that there was a public password hashing competition that ran from 2013 to 2015. In the end, Argon2 was chosen as the recommended password hashing function.
There is a fairly well adopted Java binding for the original (native C) library that you can use.
In the average use-case, I don't think it does matter from a security perspective if you choose PBKDF2 over Argon2 or vice-versa. If you have strong security requirements, I recommend considering Argon2 in your evaluation.
For further information on the security of password hashing functions see security.se.
As of 2020, the most reliable password hashing algorithm in use, most likely to optimise its strength given any hardware, is Argon2id or Argon2i but not its Spring implementation.
The PBKDF2 standard includes the the CPU-greedy/computationally-expensive feature of the block cipher BCRYPT algo, and add its stream cipher capability. PBKDF2 was overwhelmed by the memory exponentially-greedy SCRYPT then by the side-channel-attack-resistant Argon2
Argon2 provides the necessary calibration tool to find optimized strength parameters given a target hashing time and the hardware used.
Memory greedy hashing would help against GPU use for cracking.
Spring security/Bouncy Castle implementation is not optimized and relatively week given what attacker could use. cf: Spring doc Argon2 and Scrypt
The currently implementation uses Bouncy castle which does not exploit parallelism/optimizations that password crackers will, so there is an unnecessary asymmetry between attacker and defender.
The most credible implementation in use for java is mkammerer's one,
a wrapper jar/library of the official native implementation written in C.
It is well written and simple to use.
The embedded version provides native builds for Linux, windows and OSX.
As an example, it is used by jpmorganchase in its tessera security project used to secure Quorum, its Ethereum cryptocurency implementation.
Here is an example:
final char[] password = "a4e9y2tr0ngAnd7on6P১M°RD".toCharArray();
byte[] salt = new byte[128];
new SecureRandom().nextBytes(salt);
final Argon2Advanced argon2 = Argon2Factory.createAdvanced(Argon2Factory.Argon2Types.ARGON2id);
byte[] hash = argon2.rawHash(10, 1048576, 4, password, salt);
(see tessera)
Declare the lib in your POM:
<dependency>
<groupId>de.mkammerer</groupId>
<artifactId>argon2-jvm</artifactId>
<version>2.7</version>
</dependency>
or with gradle:
compile 'de.mkammerer:argon2-jvm:2.7'
Calibration may be performed using de.mkammerer.argon2.Argon2Helper#findIterations
SCRYPT and Pbkdf2 algorithm might also be calibrated by writing some simple benchmark, but current minimal safe iterations values, will require higher hashing times.
Here you have two links for MD5 hashing and other hash methods:
Javadoc API: https://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/java/security/MessageDigest.html
Among all the standard hash schemes, LDAP ssha is the most secure one to use,
http://www.openldap.org/faq/data/cache/347.html
I would just follow the algorithms specified there and use MessageDigest to do the hash.
You need to store the salt in your database as you suggested.
i leaned that from a video on udemy and edited to be stronger random password
}
private String pass() {
String passswet="1234567890zxcvbbnmasdfghjklop[iuytrtewq@#$%^&*" ;
char icon1;
char[] t=new char[20];
int rand1=(int)(Math.random()*6)+38;//to make a random within the range of special characters
icon1=passswet.charAt(rand1);//will produce char with a special character
int i=0;
while( i <11) {
int rand=(int)(Math.random()*passswet.length());
//notice (int) as the original value of Math>random() is double
t[i] =passswet.charAt(rand);
i++;
t[10]=icon1;
//to replace the specified item with icon1
}
return new String(t);
}
}
Here is my simple PasswordHasher class that I made:
import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.spec.InvalidKeySpecException;
import java.security.spec.KeySpec;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class PasswordHasher {
private static final String ALGO = "PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1";
private static final byte[] SALT = {
8, 8, 8, 8, 2,
8, 7, 7, 7, 2,
1, 1, 1, 1, 2,
11
};
private static final int ITERATION_COUNT = 1000;
private static final int KEY_LENGTH = 128;
private SecretKeyFactory mFactory;
byte[] hashPassword(String password) {
SecretKeyFactory factory = getFactory();
if (factory != null) {
try {
KeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(password.toCharArray(), SALT, ITERATION_COUNT, KEY_LENGTH);
return factory.generateSecret(spec).getEncoded();
} catch (InvalidKeySpecException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return null;
}
boolean verifyPassword(String password, byte[] expectedHashResult) {
byte[] hashedPassword = hashPassword(password);
if (hashedPassword == null) {
// Log fail result
return false;
}
return Arrays.equals(hashedPassword, expectedHashResult);
}
private SecretKeyFactory getFactory() {
if (mFactory == null) {
try {
mFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(ALGO);
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return mFactory;
}
}
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import javax.mail.*;
import javax.mail.internet.*;
import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.Properties;
public class Main{
public static void main(String[]a]{
//enter code here
}
public static String hashPassword(String password) {
try {
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-512");
byte[] hash = md.digest(password.getBytes());
return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(hash);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return null;
}
}
hashPassword is the method that returns a hashed value when we pass a String as its parameter. MessageDigest is the class that provides the interface for hashing password getInstance is used to get the instance of a hashing algorithm such as MD-5,SHA 216,SHA-512 and so on. The hashed Sting is in the forn of -byte [] In the return statement we convert the byte using ToString.
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