Adaptability
Any attempt to printf a non-POD results in undefined behaviour:
struct Foo {
virtual ~Foo() {}
operator float() const { return 0.f; }
};
printf ("%f", Foo());
std::string foo;
printf ("%s", foo);
The above printf-calls yield undefined behaviour. Your compiler may warn you indeed, but those warnings are not required by the standards and not possible for format strings only known at runtime.
IO-Streams:
std::cout << Foo();
std::string foo;
std::cout << foo;
Judge yourself.
Extensibility
struct Person {
string first_name;
string second_name;
};
std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream &os, Person const& p) {
return os << p.first_name << ", " << p.second_name;
}
cout << p;
cout << p;
some_file << p;
C:
// inline everywhere
printf ("%s, %s", p.first_name, p.second_name);
printf ("%s, %s", p.first_name, p.second_name);
fprintf (some_file, "%s, %s", p.first_name, p.second_name);
or:
// re-usable (not common in my experience)
int person_fprint(FILE *f, const Person *p) {
return fprintf(f, "%s, %s", p->first_name, p->second_name);
}
int person_print(const Person *p) {
return person_fprint(stdout, p);
}
Person p;
....
person_print(&p);
Note how you have to take care of using the proper call arguments/signatures in C (e.g. person_fprint(stderr, ..., person_fprint(myfile, ...), where in C++, the "FILE-argument" is automatically "derived" from the expression. A more exact equivalent of this derivation is actually more like this:
FILE *fout = stdout;
...
fprintf(fout, "Hello World!\n");
person_fprint(fout, ...);
fprintf(fout, "\n");
I18N
We reuse our Person definition:
cout << boost::format("Hello %1%") % p;
cout << boost::format("Na %1%, sei gegrüßt!") % p;
printf ("Hello %1$s, %2$s", p.first_name.c_str(), p.second_name.c_str());
printf ("Na %1$s, %2$s, sei gegrüßt!",
p.first_name.c_str(), p.second_name.c_str());
Judge yourself.
I find this less relevant as of today (2017). Maybe just a gut feeling, but I18N is not something that is done on a daily basis by your average C or C++ programmer. Plus, it's a pain in the a...natomy anyways.
Performance
- Have you measured the actual significance of printf performance? Are your bottleneck applications seriously so lazy that the output of computation results is a bottleneck? Are you sure you need C++ at all?
- The dreaded performance penalty is to satisfy those of you who want to use a mix of printf and cout. It is a feature, not a bug!
If you use iostreams consistently, you can
std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
and reap equal runtime with a good compiler:
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
#include <fstream>
void ios_test (int n) {
for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
std::cout << "foobarfrob" << i;
}
}
void c_test (int n) {
for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
printf ("foobarfrob%d", i);
}
}
int main () {
const clock_t a_start = clock();
ios_test (10024*1024);
const double a = (clock() - a_start) / double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
const clock_t p_start = clock();
c_test (10024*1024);
const double p = (clock() - p_start) / double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
std::ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
const clock_t b_start = clock();
ios_test (10024*1024);
const double b = (clock() - b_start) / double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
std::ofstream res ("RESULTS");
res << "C ..............: " << p << " sec\n"
<< "C++, sync with C: " << a << " sec\n"
<< "C++, non-sync ..: " << b << " sec\n";
}
Results (g++ -O3 synced-unsynced-printf.cc, ./a.out > /dev/null, cat RESULTS):
C ..............: 1.1 sec
C++, sync with C: 1.76 sec
C++, non-sync ..: 1.01 sec
Judge ... yourself.
No. You won't forbid me my printf.
You can haz a typesafe, I18N friendly printf in C++11, thanks to variadic templates. And you will be able to have them very, very performant using user-defined literals, i.e. it will be possible to write a fully static incarnation.
I have a proof of concept. Back then, support for C++11 was not as mature as it is now, but you get an idea.
Temporal Adaptability
// foo.h
...
struct Frob {
unsigned int x;
};
...
// alpha.cpp
... printf ("%u", frob.x); ...
// bravo.cpp
... printf ("%u", frob.x); ...
// charlie.cpp
... printf ("%u", frob.x); ...
// delta.cpp
... printf ("%u", frob.x); ...
Later, your data grows so big you must do
// foo.h
...
unsigned long long x;
...
It is an interesting exercise maintaining that and doing it bug-free. Especially when other, non-coupled projects use foo.h.
Other.
Bug Potential: There's a lot of space to commit mistakes with printf, especially when you throw user input bases strings in the mix (think of your I18N team). You must take care to properly escape every such format string, you must be sure to pass the right arguments, etc. etc..
IO-Streams make my binary bigger: If this is a more important issue than maintainability, code-quality, reuseability, then (after verifying the issue!) use printf.
printfis not compatible with C++ streams. C++ streams allow you to easily convert your console output to a file. (Although you can do similar withfprintf). – Aphroditeendlalso flushes the stream, as if you had writtenprintf("(%d,%d)\n", x, y); fflush(stdout);This can add a big performance hit if executed repeatedly in a loop. To get a real equivalent of your printf statement in C++ you should writecout << "(" << x << "," << y << ")\n";– Sclerotomy