Are Unicode and special characters in variable names in Clang not allowed?

Question

Clang now (>3.3) supports Unicode characters in variable names: Clang 3.3 Release Notes, Major New Features.

However, some special character are still forbidden.

int main(){
    double α = 2.; // Alpha, ok!
    double ∞ = 99999.; // Infinity, error
}

giving:

error: non-ASCII characters are not allowed outside of literals and identifiers
        double ∞ = 99999.;

What is the fundamental difference between α (alpha) and ∞ (infinity) for Clang? That the former is Unicode and the latter is not Unicode, but at the same time is not ASCII?

Is there a workaround or an option to allow this set of characters in Clang (or BTW in GCC)?

Notes: 1) ∞ is just an example; there are a lot of characters that are potentially useful, but also forbidden, like ∫ or ∂. 2) I am not asking if it is good idea, and please take it as a technical question. 3) I am interested in C++ compiler of Clang 3.4 in Linux (GCC 4.8.3 (2014-05-22) doesn't support this). I am saving the source files with gedit using UTF-8 encoding and Unix/Linux line ending. 4) adding other normal first characters doesn't help: _∞

---

The answers point to a definite NO. Some ranges are indeed not allowed nor will they be soon. To move one step further to total craziness, the best alternative I found was to use characters that effectively look the same. (Now, this I might admit is not a good idea.) Those alternatives can be found here http://shapecatcher.com/. The result (sorry if it hurts your eyes):

//double ∞ = 99999.; // Still an error
//double ⧞ = 99999.; // Infinity negated. Still an error

double ꝏ = 99999.;   // Letter oo
double Ꝏ = 99999.;  // Letter OO

//double ⧜ = 99999.; // Incomplete infinity. Still an error

Other "alternative" dead ringers mentioned in the question that are in the allowed range: ʃ, 𝜕𝝏𝞉𝟃.

_{Note: This question has Unicode text that may not display correctly in all browsers.}

Weaponless

these names are a terrible idea. What do you want to achieve with that? Some sort of obfuscation contest?? – Darill

@stefan: Presumably, writing code that looks like mathematical notation. That's not a bad idea if the intended audience is mathematicians. – Trudey

@MikeSeymour I'm a mathematician, and I hate it ;-) But fair enough.. It's non-portable though. That's the biggest drawback of anything. – Darill

@Darill I don't think double const π = 3.14159265359; is obfuscation used in the right context. Non-portability is another issue and it is part of the answer, after all the standard seems to allow it in a limited way. – Weaponless

GCC caught up with GCC 10 (2020-05-07). – Cadmar

Answer 1

So the Clang document says (emphasis mine):

This feature allows identifiers to contain certain Unicode characters, as specified by the active language standard;

This is covered in the draft C++ standard Annex E. The characters allowed are as follows:

E.1 Ranges of characters allowed [charname.allowed]

00A8, 00AA, 00AD,

00AF, 00B2-00B5, 00B7-00BA, 00BC-00BE, 00C0-00D6, 00D8-00F6, 00F8-00FF

0100-167F, 1681-180D, 180F-1FFF 200B-200D, 202A-202E, 203F-2040, 2054,

2060-206F 2070-218F, 2460-24FF, 2776-2793, 2C00-2DFF, 2E80-2FFF

3004-3007, 3021-302F, 3031-303F

3040-D7FF F900-FD3D, FD40-FDCF,

FDF0-FE44, FE47-FFFD

10000-1FFFD, 20000-2FFFD, 30000-3FFFD, 40000-4FFFD, 50000-5FFFD, 60000-6FFFD, 70000-7FFFD, 80000-8FFFD, 90000-9FFFD, A0000-AFFFD, B0000-BFFFD, C0000-CFFFD, D0000-DFFFD, E0000-EFFFD

The code for infinity 221E is not included in the list.

For reference: these are the codes above converted to Unicode characters (some of them may not display correctly in all browsers/available fonts).

¨, ª, ­,

¯, ²-µ, ·-º, ¼-¾, À-Ö, Ø-ö, ø-ÿ

Ā-ᙿ, ᚁ-᠍, ᠏-῿ ​-‍, ‪-‮, ‿-⁀, ⁔,

⁠- ⁰-↏, ①-⓿, ❶-➓, Ⰰ-ⷿ, ⺀-⿿

〄-〇, 〡-〯, 〱-〿

぀-퟿ 豈-ﴽ, ﵀-﷏,

ﷰ-﹄, ﹇-�

𐀀-🿽, 𠀀-𯿽, 𰀀-𿿽, 񀀀-񏿽, 񐀀-񟿽, 񠀀-񯿽, 񰀀-񿿽, 򀀀-򏿽, 򐀀-򟿽, 򠀀-򯿽, 򰀀-򿿽, 󀀀-󏿽, 󐀀-󟿽, 󠀀-󯿽

I could not find an extensive document that covers the rationale for the ranges chosen, although N3146: Recommendations for extended identifier characters for C and C++ does provide some details on the influences.

---

EDIT 1 (2023):

These are the first 120 characters in each of the groups listed, generated by a program. Honestly, it's not a very exciting character set, with no math symbols or APL symbols; it's close to useless, perhaps on purpose.

¨ª­|
¯|
²³´µ|
·¸¹º|
¼½¾|
ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ|
ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö|
øùúûüýþÿ|
ĀāĂ㥹ĆćĈĉĊċČčĎďĐđĒēĔĕĖėĘęĚěĜĝĞğĠġĢģĤĥĦħĨĩĪīĬĭĮįİıIJijĴĵĶķĸĹĺĻļĽľĿŀŁłŃńŅņŇňʼnŊŋŌōŎŏŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŜŝŞşŠšŢţŤťŦŧŨũŪūŬŭŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶ...|
ᚁᚂᚃᚄᚅᚆᚇᚈᚉᚊᚋᚌᚍᚎᚏᚐᚑᚒᚓᚔᚕᚖᚗᚘᚙᚚ᚛᚜᚝᚞᚟ᚠᚡᚢᚣᚤᚥᚦᚧᚨᚩᚪᚫᚬᚭᚮᚯᚰᚱᚲᚳᚴᚵᚶᚷᚸᚹᚺᚻᚼᚽᚾᚿᛀᛁᛂᛃᛄᛅᛆᛇᛈᛉᛊᛋᛌᛍᛎᛏᛐᛑᛒᛓᛔᛕᛖᛗᛘᛙᛚᛛᛜᛝᛞᛟᛠᛡᛢᛣᛤᛥᛦᛧᛨᛩᛪ᛫᛬᛭ᛮᛯᛰᛱᛲᛳᛴᛵᛶᛷ...|
᠏᠐᠑᠒᠓᠔᠕᠖᠗᠘᠙᠚᠛᠜᠝᠞᠟ᠠᠡᠢᠣᠤᠥᠦᠧᠨᠩᠪᠫᠬᠭᠮᠯᠰᠱᠲᠳᠴᠵᠶᠷᠸᠹᠺᠻᠼᠽᠾᠿᡀᡁᡂᡃᡄᡅᡆᡇᡈᡉᡊᡋᡌᡍᡎᡏᡐᡑᡒᡓᡔᡕᡖᡗᡘᡙᡚᡛᡜᡝᡞᡟᡠᡡᡢᡣᡤᡥᡦᡧᡨᡩᡪᡫᡬᡭᡮᡯᡰᡱᡲᡳᡴᡵᡶᡷᡸ᡹᡺᡻᡼᡽᡾᡿ᢀᢁᢂᢃᢄᢅ...|
​‌‍|
‪‫‬‭‮|
‿⁀|
⁔|
⁠⁡⁢⁣⁤⁥⁦⁧⁨⁩|
⁰ⁱ⁲⁳⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹⁺⁻⁼⁽⁾ⁿ₀₁₂₃₄₅₆₇₈₉₊₋₌₍₎₏ₐₑₒₓₔₕₖₗₘₙₚₛₜ₝₞₟₠₡₢₣₤₥₦₧₨₩₪₫€₭₮₯₰₱₲₳₴₵₶₷₸₹₺₻₼₽₾₿⃀⃁⃂⃃⃄⃅⃆⃇⃈⃉⃊⃋⃌⃍⃎⃏⃒⃓⃘⃙⃚⃐⃑⃔⃕⃖⃗⃛⃜⃝⃞⃟⃠⃡⃢⃣⃤⃥⃦...|
①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⑩⑪⑫⑬⑭⑮⑯⑰⑱⑲⑳⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺⑻⑼⑽⑾⑿⒀⒁⒂⒃⒄⒅⒆⒇⒈⒉⒊⒋⒌⒍⒎⒏⒐⒑⒒⒓⒔⒕⒖⒗⒘⒙⒚⒛⒜⒝⒞⒟⒠⒡⒢⒣⒤⒥⒦⒧⒨⒩⒪⒫⒬⒭⒮⒯⒰⒱⒲⒳⒴⒵ⒶⒷⒸⒹⒺⒻⒼⒽⒾⒿⓀⓁⓂⓃⓄⓅⓆⓇⓈⓉⓊⓋⓌⓍⓎⓏⓐⓑⓒⓓⓔⓕⓖ...|
❶❷❸❹❺❻❼❽❾❿➀➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➈➉➊➋➌➍➎➏➐➑➒➓|
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⺀⺁⺂⺃⺄⺅⺆⺇⺈⺉⺊⺋⺌⺍⺎⺏⺐⺑⺒⺓⺔⺕⺖⺗⺘⺙⺚⺛⺜⺝⺞⺟⺠⺡⺢⺣⺤⺥⺦⺧⺨⺩⺪⺫⺬⺭⺮⺯⺰⺱⺲⺳⺴⺵⺶⺷⺸⺹⺺⺻⺼⺽⺾⺿⻀⻁⻂⻃⻄⻅⻆⻇⻈⻉⻊⻋⻌⻍⻎⻏⻐⻑⻒⻓⻔⻕⻖⻗⻘⻙⻚⻛⻜⻝⻞⻟⻠⻡⻢⻣⻤⻥⻦⻧⻨⻩⻪⻫⻬⻭⻮⻯⻰⻱⻲⻳⻴⻵⻶...|
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ﷰﷱﷲﷳﷴﷵﷶﷷﷸﷹﷺﷻ﷼﷽﷾﷿︀︁︂︃︄︅︆︇︈︉︊︋︌︍︎️︐︑︒︓︔︕︖︗︘︙︚︛︜︝︞︟︧︨︩︪︫︬︭︠︡︢︣︤︥︦︮︯︰︱︲︳︴︵︶︷︸︹︺︻︼︽︾︿﹀﹁﹂﹃﹄|
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𐀀𐀁𐀂𐀃𐀄𐀅𐀆𐀇𐀈𐀉𐀊𐀋𐀌𐀍𐀎𐀏𐀐𐀑𐀒𐀓𐀔𐀕𐀖𐀗𐀘𐀙𐀚𐀛𐀜𐀝𐀞𐀟𐀠𐀡𐀢𐀣𐀤𐀥𐀦𐀧𐀨𐀩𐀪𐀫𐀬𐀭𐀮𐀯𐀰𐀱𐀲𐀳𐀴𐀵𐀶𐀷𐀸𐀹𐀺𐀻𐀼𐀽𐀾𐀿𐁀𐁁𐁂𐁃𐁄𐁅𐁆𐁇𐁈𐁉𐁊𐁋𐁌𐁍𐁎𐁏𐁐𐁑𐁒𐁓𐁔𐁕𐁖𐁗𐁘𐁙𐁚𐁛𐁜𐁝𐁞𐁟𐁠𐁡𐁢𐁣𐁤𐁥𐁦𐁧𐁨𐁩𐁪𐁫𐁬𐁭𐁮𐁯𐁰𐁱𐁲𐁳𐁴𐁵𐁶...|
𠀀𠀁𠀂𠀃𠀄𠀅𠀆𠀇𠀈𠀉𠀊𠀋𠀌𠀍𠀎𠀏𠀐𠀑𠀒𠀓𠀔𠀕𠀖𠀗𠀘𠀙𠀚𠀛𠀜𠀝𠀞𠀟𠀠𠀡𠀢𠀣𠀤𠀥𠀦𠀧𠀨𠀩𠀪𠀫𠀬𠀭𠀮𠀯𠀰𠀱𠀲𠀳𠀴𠀵𠀶𠀷𠀸𠀹𠀺𠀻𠀼𠀽𠀾𠀿𠁀𠁁𠁂𠁃𠁄𠁅𠁆𠁇𠁈𠁉𠁊𠁋𠁌𠁍𠁎𠁏𠁐𠁑𠁒𠁓𠁔𠁕𠁖𠁗𠁘𠁙𠁚𠁛𠁜𠁝𠁞𠁟𠁠𠁡𠁢𠁣𠁤𠁥𠁦𠁧𠁨𠁩𠁪𠁫𠁬𠁭𠁮𠁯𠁰𠁱𠁲𠁳𠁴𠁵𠁶...|
𰀀𰀁𰀂𰀃𰀄𰀅𰀆𰀇𰀈𰀉𰀊𰀋𰀌𰀍𰀎𰀏𰀐𰀑𰀒𰀓𰀔𰀕𰀖𰀗𰀘𰀙𰀚𰀛𰀜𰀝𰀞𰀟𰀠𰀡𰀢𰀣𰀤𰀥𰀦𰀧𰀨𰀩𰀪𰀫𰀬𰀭𰀮𰀯𰀰𰀱𰀲𰀳𰀴𰀵𰀶𰀷𰀸𰀹𰀺𰀻𰀼𰀽𰀾𰀿𰁀𰁁𰁂𰁃𰁄𰁅𰁆𰁇𰁈𰁉𰁊𰁋𰁌𰁍𰁎𰁏𰁐𰁑𰁒𰁓𰁔𰁕𰁖𰁗𰁘𰁙𰁚𰁛𰁜𰁝𰁞𰁟𰁠𰁡𰁢𰁣𰁤𰁥𰁦𰁧𰁨𰁩𰁪𰁫𰁬𰁭𰁮𰁯𰁰𰁱𰁲𰁳𰁴𰁵𰁶...|
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񰀀񰀁񰀂񰀃񰀄񰀅񰀆񰀇񰀈񰀉񰀊񰀋񰀌񰀍񰀎񰀏񰀐񰀑񰀒񰀓񰀔񰀕񰀖񰀗񰀘񰀙񰀚񰀛񰀜񰀝񰀞񰀟񰀠񰀡񰀢񰀣񰀤񰀥񰀦񰀧񰀨񰀩񰀪񰀫񰀬񰀭񰀮񰀯񰀰񰀱񰀲񰀳񰀴񰀵񰀶񰀷񰀸񰀹񰀺񰀻񰀼񰀽񰀾񰀿񰁀񰁁񰁂񰁃񰁄񰁅񰁆񰁇񰁈񰁉񰁊񰁋񰁌񰁍񰁎񰁏񰁐񰁑񰁒񰁓񰁔񰁕񰁖񰁗񰁘񰁙񰁚񰁛񰁜񰁝񰁞񰁟񰁠񰁡񰁢񰁣񰁤񰁥񰁦񰁧񰁨񰁩񰁪񰁫񰁬񰁭񰁮񰁯񰁰񰁱񰁲񰁳񰁴񰁵񰁶...|
򀀀򀀁򀀂򀀃򀀄򀀅򀀆򀀇򀀈򀀉򀀊򀀋򀀌򀀍򀀎򀀏򀀐򀀑򀀒򀀓򀀔򀀕򀀖򀀗򀀘򀀙򀀚򀀛򀀜򀀝򀀞򀀟򀀠򀀡򀀢򀀣򀀤򀀥򀀦򀀧򀀨򀀩򀀪򀀫򀀬򀀭򀀮򀀯򀀰򀀱򀀲򀀳򀀴򀀵򀀶򀀷򀀸򀀹򀀺򀀻򀀼򀀽򀀾򀀿򀁀򀁁򀁂򀁃򀁄򀁅򀁆򀁇򀁈򀁉򀁊򀁋򀁌򀁍򀁎򀁏򀁐򀁑򀁒򀁓򀁔򀁕򀁖򀁗򀁘򀁙򀁚򀁛򀁜򀁝򀁞򀁟򀁠򀁡򀁢򀁣򀁤򀁥򀁦򀁧򀁨򀁩򀁪򀁫򀁬򀁭򀁮򀁯򀁰򀁱򀁲򀁳򀁴򀁵򀁶...|
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󀀀󀀁󀀂󀀃󀀄󀀅󀀆󀀇󀀈󀀉󀀊󀀋󀀌󀀍󀀎󀀏󀀐󀀑󀀒󀀓󀀔󀀕󀀖󀀗󀀘󀀙󀀚󀀛󀀜󀀝󀀞󀀟󀀠󀀡󀀢󀀣󀀤󀀥󀀦󀀧󀀨󀀩󀀪󀀫󀀬󀀭󀀮󀀯󀀰󀀱󀀲󀀳󀀴󀀵󀀶󀀷󀀸󀀹󀀺󀀻󀀼󀀽󀀾󀀿󀁀󀁁󀁂󀁃󀁄󀁅󀁆󀁇󀁈󀁉󀁊󀁋󀁌󀁍󀁎󀁏󀁐󀁑󀁒󀁓󀁔󀁕󀁖󀁗󀁘󀁙󀁚󀁛󀁜󀁝󀁞󀁟󀁠󀁡󀁢󀁣󀁤󀁥󀁦󀁧󀁨󀁩󀁪󀁫󀁬󀁭󀁮󀁯󀁰󀁱󀁲󀁳󀁴󀁵󀁶...|
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󠀀󠀁󠀂󠀃󠀄󠀅󠀆󠀇󠀈󠀉󠀊󠀋󠀌󠀍󠀎󠀏󠀐󠀑󠀒󠀓󠀔󠀕󠀖󠀗󠀘󠀙󠀚󠀛󠀜󠀝󠀞󠀟󠀠󠀡󠀢󠀣󠀤󠀥󠀦󠀧󠀨󠀩󠀪󠀫󠀬󠀭󠀮󠀯󠀰󠀱󠀲󠀳󠀴󠀵󠀶󠀷󠀸󠀹󠀺󠀻󠀼󠀽󠀾󠀿󠁀󠁁󠁂󠁃󠁄󠁅󠁆󠁇󠁈󠁉󠁊󠁋󠁌󠁍󠁎󠁏󠁐󠁑󠁒󠁓󠁔󠁕󠁖󠁗󠁘󠁙󠁚󠁛󠁜󠁝󠁞󠁟󠁠󠁡󠁢󠁣󠁤󠁥󠁦󠁧󠁨󠁩󠁪󠁫󠁬󠁭󠁮󠁯󠁰󠁱󠁲󠁳󠁴󠁵󠁶...|

NOTE 2:

I tried some of them online and some worked in clang 12 (for example) but not in https://godbolt.org/z/G1ET49erx. Apparently some version (clang 14?) implemented this https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p1949r7.html

So, it seems to be a moving target.

NOTE 3:

Later versions of clang seem to accept some math symbols, related to the warning -Wmathematical-notation-identifier-extension. https://godbolt.org/z/6K7YhzEnz

So, it still seems to be the Wild West.

Pitta

I used this tool rishida.net/tools/conversion to convert your codes to their representation in your answer if you don't mind. Thank you. – Weaponless

Do you know the criterion used to choose these ranges of characters? – Weaponless

@Weaponless I feel like I have seen a rationale before but I can not find it anymore. I was able to find a document that goes into the many influences and mentions some rationale but is detail-lite. I added it to my answer. – Pitta