Why does JavaScript handle the plus and minus operators between strings and numbers differently?

Question

I don't understand why JavaScript works this way.

console.log("1" + 1);
console.log("1" - 1);

The first line prints 11, and the second prints 0. Why does JavaScript handle the first as a String and the second as a number?

Stridulate

+1 - although the answer why is obvious for anybody accustomed with JS, the reason why the obvious answer is true is still beyond my comprehension - and I suppose I'm not the only one... JS fails POLA in many ways sigh #9033356 – Legendary

I feel like this link should be posted along with any javascript typing weirdness: destroyallsoftware.com/talks/wat – Nightgown

@DLeh: I was just about to post a link to that video :D – Supplicate

Also related: Your Language Sucks – Inversely

Answer 1

String concatenation is done with + so Javascript will convert the first numeric 1 to a string and concatenate "1" and "1" making "11".

You cannot perform subtraction on strings, so Javascript converts the second "1" to a number and subtracts 1 from 1, resulting in zero.

Himalayas

Now try to apply this logic to [] + {} and {} + [] :) – Industrious

@YuryTarabanko Okay. Concatenation (so not addition) always puts together 2 strings. So, if you try to do [] + {}, you basically do [].toString() + ({}).toString() (because JavaScript converts the involved array and object to a string before concatenating them). And, because [].toString === '' and ({}).toString() === '[object Object]', your final result for [] + {} === '[object Object]'. It's perfectly logical. – Bonnibelle

@Bonnibelle Right. What about {} + []? :) Go ahead apply the same logic :) – Industrious

@YuryTarabanko Because objects and arrays can neither be concatenated nor added up, putting these 2 together in this order causes the array to be converted to a number instead of a string, because the + sign is in front of it (like how +new Date returns the numerical value of the Date object (the UNIX timestamp), or +true returns the numerical value of true, which is 1). Because of that, the addition becomes {} + 0. Because the object doesn't have a numerical value, this becomes +0, which JavaScript outputs as 0. – Bonnibelle

@YuryTarabanko either way, it's not important if a certain bit of logic can be applied everywhere, as long as it answers the original question, it is already enough. Nobody will ever use + for adding together objects or arrays, so this is not even a problem in practical situations, whereas adding together / subtracting a string and a number is. – Bonnibelle

@Bonnibelle OK. No point to continue the conversation when it comes to "practical situations" and common sense :) – Industrious

@Bonnibelle Haha, well that's not really the same logic. If "objects and arrays can neither be concatenated nor added up", then why would [] + {} perform concatenation whereas {} + [] doesn't? Plus, your statement that "object doesn't have a numerical value" is false: +{} returns NaN. And NaN + 0 is NaN, not 0. Like @Yury said though, it's pointless to discuss JavaScript type coercion from the standpoint of practical situations or common sense. – Jolty

Just for the record, an opening brace at the beginning of a line in JavaScript is a block, not an object literal; so [] + {} and {} + [] are actually two completely different statements – Ticino

@Jolty Force them all to numbers first and you'll get what you expect: +{} + +[] === NaN - confusion typically comes from Javascript's "try this first and if it works, yay! If not, try something else". It just so happens that strings are tried first – Around

@Around Exactly! Don't rely on JavaScript's built-in type coercion. If you want to add the contents of two variables together, first make sure that they're the same type. Because if you don't, JavaScript will. – Jolty

@YuryTarabanko: Of course you can apply the very same logic to ({} + []) (with parenthesis to remove the ambiguity). If you mean {}; +[], then that's obviously a unary plus operator. – Puke

Answer 2

+ is ambiguous. It can mean "concatenate" or "add". Since one side is a string, it is taken to mean "concatenate", hence the result is 11 (which, by the way, was one of my favourite jokes as a young child. That and "1 + 1 = window", as shown visually: │┼│ ニ ⊞)

- however has only one meaning: subtract. So it subtracts.

This kind of problem is not present in other languages such as PHP, where "concatenate" is . instead of +, making no ambiguity. Still other languages like MySQL don't even have a concatenation operator, instead using CONCAT(a,b,c...).

Aromaticity

Another solution to avoid this problem (and many other problems that also arise in JavaScript) is to not allow implicit conversions. Python for example will just throw an error when you try something like the above which avoids all these unintuitive problems in the first place. Implicit conversions in a dynamically typed language is a horrible idea. – Hooray

Answer 3

Because the spec explicitly tells to do so. Page 75. Note the difference between 11.6.1 steps 5-8 and 11.6.2 steps 5-7.

11.6.1 - describes how addition operator works

1-4. ...

5. Let lprim be ToPrimitive(lval).

6. Let rprim be ToPrimitive(rval).

7. If Type(lprim) is String or Type(rprim) is String, then

7a. Return the String that is the result of concatenating ToString(lprim) followed by ToString(rprim)

8. Return the result of applying the addition operation to ToNumber(lprim) and ToNumber(rprim)

11.6.2 - describes how subtraction operator works

1-4. ...

5. Let lnum be ToNumber(lval).

6. Let rnum be ToNumber(rval).

7. Return the result of applying the subtraction operation to lnum and rnum

Summary In case of addition if any of the operands when converted to primitive value without any hints suddenly becomes a string the second one is converted to a string too. In case of subtraction both operands are converted to a number.

Industrious

@Bonnibelle For example, go ahead and try to fantasize why [] + [] === "" :) Is it due to ambiguity about concatenation vs. addition? LOL – Industrious

+1 because this is the only authoritative answer. All the rest may be useful mnemonics, but the ultimate answer is "because the spec says so", and it says so because Brendan Eich thought it was a good idea in those infamous 10 days. – Upwind

Answer 4

There is no dedicated string concatenation operator in JavaScript**. The addition operator + performs either string concatenation or addition, depending on the type of operands:

"1" +  1  // "11"
 1  + "1" // "11"
 1  +  1  // 2

There is no opposite of concatenation (I think) and the subtraction operator - only performs subtraction regardless of the type of operands:

"1" -  1  // 0
 1  - "1" // 0
 1  -  1  // 0
"a" -  1  // NaN

** The . operator in PHP and & operator in VB are dedicated string concatenation operators.

Fenderson

Answer 5

+ is both an addition operator for numeric variables, and a concatenation operator for strings.

Whenever there's a string after a +, Javascript will choose to use the + as a concatenation operator and convert (typed) as many terms as possible around the string so it can concatenate them. That's just the behaviour of Javascript. (If you tried console.log(23 + 2 + "." + 1 + 5 + "02" + 02);, you'll get the result 25.15022. The number 02 was typed into the string 2 before being concatenated.

- can only be a subtraction operator, so when given a string, it will implicitly change the type of the string "1" into a numeric 1; if it didn't do that, there's no way "1" - 1 would make sense. If you tried console.log(23 + 2 + 1 + 5 - "02" + 03); you'll get 32 - the string 02 gets converted into the number 2. The term after the - must be able to be converted into a number; if you tried console.log(23 - 2 - "." - 1 - 5 - 02 - "02"); you'll get NaN returned.

More importantly, if you tried console.log(23 + 2 + "." + 1 + 5 - "02" + 03);, it will output 26.15, where everything before - was treated as a string (because it contains a string ".", and then the term after the - is treated as a number.

Polik

In your last example it seems instead that JS is considering the elements going from left to right: it seems that it adds numbers 23 + 2 = 25 then it finds the string "." and converts type number 25 into type string "25" and concatenate the 1 and the 5 as well to have type string "25.15". At this point it finds the - so it coerces the strings before and after into numbers and since both can be converted into numbers, than the subtractions is performed to get the number 23.15. Finally it is adding 3 for the final result of type number 26.15. – Conni

Answer 6

According to the standard EcmaScript 262. The + and - operators behave differently when strings are involved. The first converts every value to a string. The second converts every value to a number.

From the standard:

If Type(lprim) is String or Type(rprim) is String, then Return the String that is the result of concatenating ToString(lprim) followed by ToString(rprim)

This rules implies that if in the expression there is a string value, all values involved in the + operation are converted to a string. In JavaScript when the + operator is used with strings, it concatenates them. This is why console.log("5"+1) returns "51". 1 is converted to a string and then, "5" + "1" are concatenated together.

Nevertheless, the above rule doesn't apply for the - operator. When you are using a - all values are converted to numbers according to the Standard (see below). Therefore, in this case, "5" is converted to 5 and then 1 is subtracted.

From the standard:

5 Let lnum be ToNumber(lval).

6 Let rnum be ToNumber(rval).

---

Operator definition from the standard EcmaScript 262.

Operator + : http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-11.6.1

Operator - : http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-11.6.2

Epicalyx

Like it when people read and quote specifications and manuals. Thanks. – Telegram

Answer 7

Using plus and a string "" you basically return a string because you are performing a concatenation:

typeof ("" + 1 + 0)  // string
typeof (1 + 0)  // number

When using - instead you convert to a number as string concatenation is possible:

typeof ("" - 1 + 0) // number

Gargantuan