How to flush output of Python print?
I suggest five ways of doing this:
- In Python 3, call
print(..., flush=True) (the flush argument is not available in Python 2's print function, and there is no analogue for the print statement).
- Call
file.flush() on the output file (we can wrap python 2's print function to do this), for example, sys.stdout
- apply this to every print function call in the module with a partial function,
print = partial(print, flush=True) applied to the module global.
- apply this to the process with a flag (
-u) passed to the interpreter command
- apply this to every python process in your environment with
PYTHONUNBUFFERED=TRUE (and unset the variable to undo this).
Python 3.3+
Using Python 3.3 or higher, you can just provide flush=True as a keyword argument to the print function:
print('foo', flush=True)
Python 2 (or < 3.3)
They did not backport the flush argument to Python 2.7 So if you're using Python 2 (or less than 3.3), and want code that's compatible with both 2 and 3, may I suggest the following compatibility code. (Note the __future__ import must be at/very "near the top of your module"):
from __future__ import print_function
import sys
if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
old_print = print
def print(*args, **kwargs):
flush = kwargs.pop('flush', False)
old_print(*args, **kwargs)
if flush:
file = kwargs.get('file', sys.stdout)
# Why might file=None? IDK, but it works for print(i, file=None)
file.flush() if file is not None else sys.stdout.flush()
The above compatibility code will cover most uses, but for a much more thorough treatment, see the six module.
Alternatively, you can just call file.flush() after printing, for example, with the print statement in Python 2:
import sys
print 'delayed output'
sys.stdout.flush()
Changing the default in one module to flush=True
You can change the default for the print function by using functools.partial on the global scope of a module:
import functools
print = functools.partial(print, flush=True)
if you look at our new partial function, at least in Python 3:
>>> print = functools.partial(print, flush=True)
>>> print
functools.partial(<built-in function print>, flush=True)
We can see it works just like normal:
>>> print('foo')
foo
And we can actually override the new default:
>>> print('foo', flush=False)
foo
Note again, this only changes the current global scope, because the print name on the current global scope will overshadow the builtin print function (or unreference the compatibility function, if using one in Python 2, in that current global scope).
If you want to do this inside a function instead of on a module's global scope, you should give it a different name, e.g.:
def foo():
printf = functools.partial(print, flush=True)
printf('print stuff like this')
If you declare it a global in a function, you're changing it on the module's global namespace, so you should just put it in the global namespace, unless that specific behavior is exactly what you want.
Changing the default for the process
I think the best option here is to use the -u flag to get unbuffered output.
$ python -u script.py
or
$ python -um package.module
From the docs:
Force stdin, stdout and stderr to be totally unbuffered. On systems where it matters, also put stdin, stdout and stderr in binary mode.
Note that there is internal buffering in file.readlines() and File Objects (for line in sys.stdin) which is not influenced by this option. To work around this, you will want to use file.readline() inside a while 1: loop.
Changing the default for the shell operating environment
You can get this behavior for all python processes in the environment or environments that inherit from the environment if you set the environment variable to a nonempty string:
e.g., in Linux or OSX:
$ export PYTHONUNBUFFERED=TRUE
or Windows:
C:\SET PYTHONUNBUFFERED=TRUE
from the docs:
PYTHONUNBUFFERED
If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -u option.
Addendum
Here's the help on the print function from Python 2.7.12 - note that there is no flush argument:
>>> from __future__ import print_function
>>> help(print)
print(...)
print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout)
Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
Optional keyword arguments:
file: a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
sep: string inserted between values, default a space.
end: string appended after the last value, default a newline.
python -u <script.py>worked (forced flushed, no buffering) for me without having to modify script. – Federative