In version 4.2.27 of postsharp publishing a web project works correct.
When the postsharp nuget package is upgraded to > 4.2.28 the publish fails. It fails when trying to run TransformWebConfigCore in Microsoft.Web.Publishing.targets. The error
Microsoft.Web.Publishing.targets(1483,5): Error : Could not open Source file: Could not find file '[Project Location]\Web.config;web.config'.