I had this problem even after removing ALL buttons from my Bootstrap Modal, so none of the solutions here helped me.
I found that a form with a single text field would cause the browser to do a form submit (and result in dismiss), if you hit Enter while keyboard focus is on the text field. This seems to be more of a browser/form issue than anything with Bootstrap.
My solution was to set the form's onsubmit attribute to onsubmit="return false"
This may be a problem if you are actually using the submit event, but I'm using JS frameworks that generate AJAX requests rather than doing a browser submit, so I prefer disabling submit entirely. (It also means I don't have to manually tweak every form element that might trigger a submit).
More info here: Bootstrap modal dialogs with a single text input field always dismiss on Enter key