Adding a method to an existing object instance in Python

Question

How do I add a method to an existing object (i.e., not in the class definition) in Python?

I understand that it's not generally considered good practice to do so, except in some cases.

Appalachia

Answer 1

In Python, there is a difference between functions and bound methods.

>>> def foo():
...     print "foo"
...
>>> class A:
...     def bar( self ):
...         print "bar"
...
>>> a = A()
>>> foo
<function foo at 0x00A98D70>
>>> a.bar
<bound method A.bar of <__main__.A instance at 0x00A9BC88>>
>>>

Bound methods have been "bound" (how descriptive) to an instance, and that instance will be passed as the first argument whenever the method is called.

Callables that are attributes of a class (as opposed to an instance) are still unbound, though, so you can modify the class definition whenever you want:

>>> def fooFighters( self ):
...     print "fooFighters"
...
>>> A.fooFighters = fooFighters
>>> a2 = A()
>>> a2.fooFighters
<bound method A.fooFighters of <__main__.A instance at 0x00A9BEB8>>
>>> a2.fooFighters()
fooFighters

Previously defined instances are updated as well (as long as they haven't overridden the attribute themselves):

>>> a.fooFighters()
fooFighters

The problem comes when you want to attach a method to a single instance:

>>> def barFighters( self ):
...     print "barFighters"
...
>>> a.barFighters = barFighters
>>> a.barFighters()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: barFighters() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)

The function is not automatically bound when it's attached directly to an instance:

>>> a.barFighters
<function barFighters at 0x00A98EF0>

To bind it, we can use the MethodType function in the types module:

>>> import types
>>> a.barFighters = types.MethodType( barFighters, a )
>>> a.barFighters
<bound method ?.barFighters of <__main__.A instance at 0x00A9BC88>>
>>> a.barFighters()
barFighters

This time other instances of the class have not been affected:

>>> a2.barFighters()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: A instance has no attribute 'barFighters'

More information can be found by reading about descriptors and metaclass programming.

Arrester

Rather than manually create a MethodType, invoke the descriptor protocol manually and have the function produce your instance: barFighters.__get__(a) produces a bound method for barFighters bound to a. – Spermogonium

@MartijnPieters any advantages of using the descriptor protocol vs creating a MethodType aside of maybe being a little more readable. – Yates

@EndermanAPM: Several: it's more likely to continue to work exactly the same as what accessing the attribute on an instance does. It'll work for classmethod and staticmethod and other descriptors too. It avoids cluttering the namespace with yet another import. – Spermogonium

The full code for the suggested descriptor approach is a.barFighters = barFighters.__get__(a) – Elasticize

Just a note, there is no unbound method in python3, since the difference between a function and an unbound method is pretty minimal, Python 3 gets rid of the distinction. – Barbbarba

With all the advice not to do this, when might one do this? My situation is that I am interactive programming with a class that has previously been defined. I would like to edit some of the methods/add new ones to debug them without having to recompute the whole class. Is this a reasonable temporary use case, or are the better alternatives? Cheers – Generable

How can we do this from a function of the class? I want to have a function register(), which would add an extended version of a function to the object on which it is called. – Logarithm

Answer 2

Preface - a note on compatibility: other answers may only work in Python 2 - this answer should work perfectly well in Python 2 and 3. If writing Python 3 only, you might leave out explicitly inheriting from object, but otherwise the code should remain the same.

Adding a Method to an Existing Object Instance

I've read that it is possible to add a method to an existing object (e.g. not in the class definition) in Python.

I understand that it's not always a good decision to do so. But, how might one do this?

Yes, it is possible - But not recommended

I don't recommend this. This is a bad idea. Don't do it.

Here's a couple of reasons:

• You'll add a bound object to every instance you do this to. If you do this a lot, you'll probably waste a lot of memory. Bound methods are typically only created for the short duration of their call, and they then cease to exist when automatically garbage collected. If you do this manually, you'll have a name binding referencing the bound method - which will prevent its garbage collection on usage.
• Object instances of a given type generally have its methods on all objects of that type. If you add methods elsewhere, some instances will have those methods and others will not. Programmers will not expect this, and you risk violating the rule of least surprise.
• Since there are other really good reasons not to do this, you'll additionally give yourself a poor reputation if you do it.

Thus, I suggest that you not do this unless you have a really good reason. It is far better to define the correct method in the class definition or less preferably to monkey-patch the class directly, like this:

Foo.sample_method = sample_method

Since it's instructive, however, I'm going to show you some ways of doing this.

How it can be done

Here's some setup code. We need a class definition. It could be imported, but it really doesn't matter.

class Foo(object):
    '''An empty class to demonstrate adding a method to an instance'''

Create an instance:

foo = Foo()

Create a method to add to it:

def sample_method(self, bar, baz):
    print(bar + baz)

Method nought (0) - use the descriptor method, __get__

Dotted lookups on functions call the __get__ method of the function with the instance, binding the object to the method and thus creating a "bound method."

foo.sample_method = sample_method.__get__(foo)

and now:

>>> foo.sample_method(1,2)
3

Method one - types.MethodType

First, import types, from which we'll get the method constructor:

import types

Now we add the method to the instance. To do this, we require the MethodType constructor from the types module (which we imported above).

The argument signature for types.MethodType (in Python 3) is (function, instance):

foo.sample_method = types.MethodType(sample_method, foo)

and usage:

>>> foo.sample_method(1,2)
3

Parenthetically, in Python 2 the signature was (function, instance, class):

foo.sample_method = types.MethodType(sample_method, foo, Foo)

Method two: lexical binding

First, we create a wrapper function that binds the method to the instance:

def bind(instance, method):
    def binding_scope_fn(*args, **kwargs): 
        return method(instance, *args, **kwargs)
    return binding_scope_fn

usage:

>>> foo.sample_method = bind(foo, sample_method)    
>>> foo.sample_method(1,2)
3

Method three: functools.partial

A partial function applies the first argument(s) to a function (and optionally keyword arguments), and can later be called with the remaining arguments (and overriding keyword arguments). Thus:

>>> from functools import partial
>>> foo.sample_method = partial(sample_method, foo)
>>> foo.sample_method(1,2)
3    

This makes sense when you consider that bound methods are partial functions of the instance.

Unbound function as an object attribute - why this doesn't work:

If we try to add the sample_method in the same way as we might add it to the class, it is unbound from the instance, and doesn't take the implicit self as the first argument.

>>> foo.sample_method = sample_method
>>> foo.sample_method(1,2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: sample_method() takes exactly 3 arguments (2 given)

We can make the unbound function work by explicitly passing the instance (or anything, since this method doesn't actually use the self argument variable), but it would not be consistent with the expected signature of other instances (if we're monkey-patching this instance):

>>> foo.sample_method(foo, 1, 2)
3

Conclusion

You now know several ways you could do this, but in all seriousness - don't do this.

Occasionalism

The Disclaimer is what I was wondering about. Methods definition are simply functions nested within the class definition. – Anserine

@Anserine I have expanded on reasons to avoid doing this in the introduction. – Occasionalism

The __get__ method also needs the class as the next parameter: sample_method.__get__(foo, Foo). – Afield

@AidasBendoraitis I wouldn't say it "needs" it, it's an optional parameter that is supplied when applying the descriptor protocol - but python functions do not use the argument: github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Objects/funcobject.c#L581 – Occasionalism

My comment was based on this reference: python-reference.readthedocs.io/en/latest/docs/dunderdsc/… What I now see from official docs, it's optional: docs.python.org/3/howto/descriptor.html#descriptor-protocol – Afield

functools.partial works well for multiprocessing, others dont – Magallanes

Nice explanation and approach. – Yand

@AaronHall: I think this actually can be a useful technique when mocking. Say, you want to monkeypatch your mock object with a defined implementation. It's easy to think that mock.sample_method = SampleClass.sample_method will just work... – Romanfleuve

and BTW, if you are using unittest.mock.create_autospec(instance=True) DO NOT invoke descriptor protocol manually, unless you want your self to be passed by the interpreter twice. – Romanfleuve

Just wanted to say that solution "Method one - types.MethodType" does not work anymore @AaronHall, using Python 3.9. Traceback: foo.sample_method = types.MethodType(sample_method, foo, Foo) TypeError: method expected 2 arguments, got 3 – Hertford

Thanks, I have updated my answer for Python 3 there. – Occasionalism

Answer 3

Module new is deprecated since python 2.6 and removed in 3.0, use types

see http://docs.python.org/library/new.html

In the example below I've deliberately removed return value from patch_me() function. I think that giving return value may make one believe that patch returns a new object, which is not true - it modifies the incoming one. Probably this can facilitate a more disciplined use of monkeypatching.

import types

class A(object):#but seems to work for old style objects too
    pass

def patch_me(target):
    def method(target,x):
        print "x=",x
        print "called from", target
    target.method = types.MethodType(method,target)
    #add more if needed

a = A()
print a
#out: <__main__.A object at 0x2b73ac88bfd0>  
patch_me(a)    #patch instance
a.method(5)
#out: x= 5
#out: called from <__main__.A object at 0x2b73ac88bfd0>
patch_me(A)
A.method(6)        #can patch class too
#out: x= 6
#out: called from <class '__main__.A'>

Quassia

How would this work if the method being added needs to refer to self? My first try leads to a syntax error, but adding self in the definition of method doesn't seem to work. import types class A(object):#but seems to work for old style objects too ax = 'ax' pass def patch_me(target): def method(target,x): print (self.ax) print ("x=",x) print ("called from", target) target.method = types.MethodType(method,target) #add more if needed a = A() print(a.ax) – Ulrika

Answer 4

I think that the above answers missed the key point.

Let's have a class with a method:

class A(object):
    def m(self):
        pass

Now, let's play with it in ipython:

In [2]: A.m
Out[2]: <unbound method A.m>

Ok, so m() somehow becomes an unbound method of A. But is it really like that?

In [5]: A.__dict__['m']
Out[5]: <function m at 0xa66b8b4>

It turns out that m() is just a function, reference to which is added to A class dictionary - there's no magic. Then why A.m gives us an unbound method? It's because the dot is not translated to a simple dictionary lookup. It's de facto a call of A.__class__.__getattribute__(A, 'm'):

In [11]: class MetaA(type):
   ....:     def __getattribute__(self, attr_name):
   ....:         print str(self), '-', attr_name

In [12]: class A(object):
   ....:     __metaclass__ = MetaA

In [23]: A.m
<class '__main__.A'> - m
<class '__main__.A'> - m

Now, I'm not sure out of the top of my head why the last line is printed twice, but still it's clear what's going on there.

Now, what the default __getattribute__ does is that it checks if the attribute is a so-called descriptor or not, i.e. if it implements a special __get__ method. If it implements that method, then what is returned is the result of calling that __get__ method. Going back to the first version of our A class, this is what we have:

In [28]: A.__dict__['m'].__get__(None, A)
Out[28]: <unbound method A.m>

And because Python functions implement the descriptor protocol, if they are called on behalf of an object, they bind themselves to that object in their __get__ method.

Ok, so how to add a method to an existing object? Assuming you don't mind patching class, it's as simple as:

B.m = m

Then B.m "becomes" an unbound method, thanks to the descriptor magic.

And if you want to add a method just to a single object, then you have to emulate the machinery yourself, by using types.MethodType:

b.m = types.MethodType(m, b)

By the way:

In [2]: A.m
Out[2]: <unbound method A.m>

In [59]: type(A.m)
Out[59]: <type 'instancemethod'>

In [60]: type(b.m)
Out[60]: <type 'instancemethod'>

In [61]: types.MethodType
Out[61]: <type 'instancemethod'>

Teal

Answer 5

In Python monkeypatching generally works by overwriting a class or function's signature with your own. Below is an example from the Zope Wiki:

from SomeOtherProduct.SomeModule import SomeClass
def speak(self):
   return "ook ook eee eee eee!"
SomeClass.speak = speak

This code will overwrite/create a method called speak in the class. In Jeff Atwood's recent post on monkey patching, he showed an example in C# 3.0 which is the current language I use for work.

Obeng

But it influences all instances of the class, not just one. – Stator

Thanks, i came here looking for a way to influence all instances. – Between

Answer 6

You can use lambda to bind a method to an instance:

def run(self):
    print self._instanceString

class A(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._instanceString = "This is instance string"

a = A()
a.run = lambda: run(a)
a.run()

Output:

This is instance string

Posner

I would love this answer (so simple and elegant!) but when I tried to use it I wound up with an unpicklable object.: "Can't pickle <function <lambda> at 0x0000014B73FE2B80>: attribute lookup <lambda> on main failed" – Tolbutamide

@DavidR you are right, lambdas can't be pickled. I was thinking for a long time about the downside of this solution, and here you pointed that, many thanks! – Slavin

Answer 7

What you're looking for is setattr I believe. Use this to set an attribute on an object.

>>> def printme(s): print repr(s)
>>> class A: pass
>>> setattr(A,'printme',printme)
>>> a = A()
>>> a.printme() # s becomes the implicit 'self' variable
< __ main __ . A instance at 0xABCDEFG>

Clinker

This is patching the class A, not the instance a. – Miriam

Is there a reason to use setattr(A,'printme',printme) instead of simply A.printme = printme? – Toffic

It makes sense if one constructs method name at runtime. – Milt

Answer 8

There are at least two ways for attach a method to an instance without types.MethodType:

>>> class A:
...  def m(self):
...   print 'im m, invoked with: ', self

>>> a = A()
>>> a.m()
im m, invoked with:  <__main__.A instance at 0x973ec6c>
>>> a.m
<bound method A.m of <__main__.A instance at 0x973ec6c>>
>>> 
>>> def foo(firstargument):
...  print 'im foo, invoked with: ', firstargument

>>> foo
<function foo at 0x978548c>

1:

>>> a.foo = foo.__get__(a, A) # or foo.__get__(a, type(a))
>>> a.foo()
im foo, invoked with:  <__main__.A instance at 0x973ec6c>
>>> a.foo
<bound method A.foo of <__main__.A instance at 0x973ec6c>>

2:

>>> instancemethod = type(A.m)
>>> instancemethod
<type 'instancemethod'>
>>> a.foo2 = instancemethod(foo, a, type(a))
>>> a.foo2()
im foo, invoked with:  <__main__.A instance at 0x973ec6c>
>>> a.foo2
<bound method instance.foo of <__main__.A instance at 0x973ec6c>>

Useful links:
Data model - invoking descriptors
Descriptor HowTo Guide - invoking descriptors

Annihilator

Answer 9

Consolidating Jason Pratt's and the community wiki answers, with a look at the results of different methods of binding:

Especially note how adding the binding function as a class method works, but the referencing scope is incorrect.

#!/usr/bin/python -u
import types
import inspect

## dynamically adding methods to a unique instance of a class


# get a list of a class's method type attributes
def listattr(c):
    for m in [(n, v) for n, v in inspect.getmembers(c, inspect.ismethod) if isinstance(v,types.MethodType)]:
        print m[0], m[1]

# externally bind a function as a method of an instance of a class
def ADDMETHOD(c, method, name):
    c.__dict__[name] = types.MethodType(method, c)

class C():
    r = 10 # class attribute variable to test bound scope

    def __init__(self):
        pass

    #internally bind a function as a method of self's class -- note that this one has issues!
    def addmethod(self, method, name):
        self.__dict__[name] = types.MethodType( method, self.__class__ )

    # predfined function to compare with
    def f0(self, x):
        print 'f0\tx = %d\tr = %d' % ( x, self.r)

a = C() # created before modified instnace
b = C() # modified instnace


def f1(self, x): # bind internally
    print 'f1\tx = %d\tr = %d' % ( x, self.r )
def f2( self, x): # add to class instance's .__dict__ as method type
    print 'f2\tx = %d\tr = %d' % ( x, self.r )
def f3( self, x): # assign to class as method type
    print 'f3\tx = %d\tr = %d' % ( x, self.r )
def f4( self, x): # add to class instance's .__dict__ using a general function
    print 'f4\tx = %d\tr = %d' % ( x, self.r )


b.addmethod(f1, 'f1')
b.__dict__['f2'] = types.MethodType( f2, b)
b.f3 = types.MethodType( f3, b)
ADDMETHOD(b, f4, 'f4')


b.f0(0) # OUT: f0   x = 0   r = 10
b.f1(1) # OUT: f1   x = 1   r = 10
b.f2(2) # OUT: f2   x = 2   r = 10
b.f3(3) # OUT: f3   x = 3   r = 10
b.f4(4) # OUT: f4   x = 4   r = 10


k = 2
print 'changing b.r from {0} to {1}'.format(b.r, k)
b.r = k
print 'new b.r = {0}'.format(b.r)

b.f0(0) # OUT: f0   x = 0   r = 2
b.f1(1) # OUT: f1   x = 1   r = 10  !!!!!!!!!
b.f2(2) # OUT: f2   x = 2   r = 2
b.f3(3) # OUT: f3   x = 3   r = 2
b.f4(4) # OUT: f4   x = 4   r = 2

c = C() # created after modifying instance

# let's have a look at each instance's method type attributes
print '\nattributes of a:'
listattr(a)
# OUT:
# attributes of a:
# __init__ <bound method C.__init__ of <__main__.C instance at 0x000000000230FD88>>
# addmethod <bound method C.addmethod of <__main__.C instance at 0x000000000230FD88>>
# f0 <bound method C.f0 of <__main__.C instance at 0x000000000230FD88>>

print '\nattributes of b:'
listattr(b)
# OUT:
# attributes of b:
# __init__ <bound method C.__init__ of <__main__.C instance at 0x000000000230FE08>>
# addmethod <bound method C.addmethod of <__main__.C instance at 0x000000000230FE08>>
# f0 <bound method C.f0 of <__main__.C instance at 0x000000000230FE08>>
# f1 <bound method ?.f1 of <class __main__.C at 0x000000000237AB28>>
# f2 <bound method ?.f2 of <__main__.C instance at 0x000000000230FE08>>
# f3 <bound method ?.f3 of <__main__.C instance at 0x000000000230FE08>>
# f4 <bound method ?.f4 of <__main__.C instance at 0x000000000230FE08>>

print '\nattributes of c:'
listattr(c)
# OUT:
# attributes of c:
# __init__ <bound method C.__init__ of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002313108>>
# addmethod <bound method C.addmethod of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002313108>>
# f0 <bound method C.f0 of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002313108>>

Personally, I prefer the external ADDMETHOD function route, as it allows me to dynamically assign new method names within an iterator as well.

def y(self, x):
    pass
d = C()
for i in range(1,5):
    ADDMETHOD(d, y, 'f%d' % i)
print '\nattributes of d:'
listattr(d)
# OUT:
# attributes of d:
# __init__ <bound method C.__init__ of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002303508>>
# addmethod <bound method C.addmethod of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002303508>>
# f0 <bound method C.f0 of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002303508>>
# f1 <bound method ?.y of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002303508>>
# f2 <bound method ?.y of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002303508>>
# f3 <bound method ?.y of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002303508>>
# f4 <bound method ?.y of <__main__.C instance at 0x0000000002303508>>

Massif

addmethod rewritten in the following way def addmethod(self, method, name): self.__dict__[name] = types.MethodType( method, self ) solves the problem – Kaseykasha

Answer 10

Since this question asked for non-Python versions, here's JavaScript:

a.methodname = function () { console.log("Yay, a new method!") }

Veilleux

Answer 11

This is actually an addon to the answer of "Jason Pratt"

Although Jasons answer works, it does only work if one wants to add a function to a class. It did not work for me when I tried to reload an already existing method from the .py source code file.

It took me for ages to find a workaround, but the trick seems simple... 1.st import the code from the source code file 2.nd force a reload 3.rd use types.FunctionType(...) to convert the imported and bound method to a function you can also pass on the current global variables, as the reloaded method would be in a different namespace 4.th now you can continue as suggested by "Jason Pratt" using the types.MethodType(...)

Example:

# this class resides inside ReloadCodeDemo.py
class A:
    def bar( self ):
        print "bar1"
        
    def reloadCode(self, methodName):
        ''' use this function to reload any function of class A'''
        import types
        import ReloadCodeDemo as ReloadMod # import the code as module
        reload (ReloadMod) # force a reload of the module
        myM = getattr(ReloadMod.A,methodName) #get reloaded Method
        myTempFunc = types.FunctionType(# convert the method to a simple function
                                myM.im_func.func_code, #the methods code
                                globals(), # globals to use
                                argdefs=myM.im_func.func_defaults # default values for variables if any
                                ) 
        myNewM = types.MethodType(myTempFunc,self,self.__class__) #convert the function to a method
        setattr(self,methodName,myNewM) # add the method to the function

if __name__ == '__main__':
    a = A()
    a.bar()
    # now change your code and save the file
    a.reloadCode('bar') # reloads the file
    a.bar() # now executes the reloaded code

Peonage

Answer 12

This question was opened years ago, but hey, there's an easy way to simulate the binding of a function to a class instance using decorators:

def binder (function, instance):
  copy_of_function = type (function) (function.func_code, {})
  copy_of_function.__bind_to__ = instance
  def bound_function (*args, **kwargs):
    return copy_of_function (copy_of_function.__bind_to__, *args, **kwargs)
  return bound_function


class SupaClass (object):
  def __init__ (self):
    self.supaAttribute = 42


def new_method (self):
  print self.supaAttribute


supaInstance = SupaClass ()
supaInstance.supMethod = binder (new_method, supaInstance)

otherInstance = SupaClass ()
otherInstance.supaAttribute = 72
otherInstance.supMethod = binder (new_method, otherInstance)

otherInstance.supMethod ()
supaInstance.supMethod ()

There, when you pass the function and the instance to the binder decorator, it will create a new function, with the same code object as the first one. Then, the given instance of the class is stored in an attribute of the newly created function. The decorator return a (third) function calling automatically the copied function, giving the instance as the first parameter.

In conclusion you get a function simulating it's binding to the class instance. Letting the original function unchanged.

Unboned

Answer 13

I find it strange that nobody mentioned that all of the methods listed above creates a cycle reference between the added method and the instance, causing the object to be persistent till garbage collection. There was an old trick adding a descriptor by extending the class of the object:

def addmethod(obj, name, func):
    klass = obj.__class__
    subclass = type(klass.__name__, (klass,), {})
    setattr(subclass, name, func)
    obj.__class__ = subclass

Cardiograph

Could you please prove this idea about the "cycle reference"? I think that it is wrong (expanded on that in comments at https://mcmap.net/q/18829/-python-passing-functions-as-arguments-to-initialize-the-methods-of-an-object-pythonic-or-not). – Slavin

Answer 14

If it can be of any help, I recently released a Python library named Gorilla to make the process of monkey patching more convenient.

Using a function needle() to patch a module named guineapig goes as follows:

import gorilla
import guineapig
@gorilla.patch(guineapig)
def needle():
    print("awesome")

But it also takes care of more interesting use cases as shown in the FAQ from the documentation.

The code is available on GitHub.

Slouch

Answer 15

from types import MethodType

def method(self):
   print 'hi!'


setattr( targetObj, method.__name__, MethodType(method, targetObj, type(method)) )

With this, you can use the self pointer

Iterate

Answer 16

What Jason Pratt posted is correct.

>>> class Test(object):
...   def a(self):
...     pass
... 
>>> def b(self):
...   pass
... 
>>> Test.b = b
>>> type(b)
<type 'function'>
>>> type(Test.a)
<type 'instancemethod'>
>>> type(Test.b)
<type 'instancemethod'>

As you can see, Python doesn't consider b() any different than a(). In Python all methods are just variables that happen to be functions.

Alexandros

You are patching the class Test, not an instance of it. – Miriam

You're adding method to a class, not an object instance. – Evaporimeter

Answer 17

How to recover a class from an instance of a class

class UnderWater:
    def __init__(self):
        self.net = 'underwater'

marine = UnderWater() # Instantiate the class

# Recover the class from the instance and add attributes to it.
class SubMarine(marine.__class__):  
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
            self.sound = 'Sonar'
    
print(SubMarine, SubMarine.__name__, SubMarine().net, SubMarine().sound)

# Output
# (__main__.SubMarine,'SubMarine', 'underwater', 'Sonar')

Danielldaniella

Answer 18

Thanks to Arturo! Your answer got me on the right track!

Based on Arturo's code, I wrote a little class:

from types import MethodType
import re
from string import ascii_letters


class DynamicAttr:
    def __init__(self):
        self.dict_all_files = {}

    def _copy_files(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print(f'copy {args[0]["filename"]} {args[0]["copy_command"]}')

    def _delete_files(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print(f'delete {args[0]["filename"]} {args[0]["delete_command"]}')

    def _create_properties(self):
        for key, item in self.dict_all_files.items():
            setattr(
                self,
                key,
                self.dict_all_files[key],
            )
            setattr(
                self,
                key + "_delete",
                MethodType(
                    self._delete_files,
                    {
                        "filename": key,
                        "delete_command": f'del {item}',
                    },
                ),
            )
            setattr(
                self,
                key + "_copy",
                MethodType(
                    self._copy_files,
                    {
                        "filename": key,
                        "copy_command": f'copy {item}',
                    },
                ),
            )
    def add_files_to_class(self, filelist: list):
        for _ in filelist:
            attr_key = re.sub(rf'[^{ascii_letters}]+', '_', _).strip('_')
            self.dict_all_files[attr_key] = _
        self._create_properties()
dy = DynamicAttr()
dy.add_files_to_class([r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", r"C:\Windows\regedit.exe"])

dy.add_files_to_class([r"C:\Windows\HelpPane.exe", r"C:\Windows\win.ini"])
#output
print(dy.C_Windows_HelpPane_exe)
dy.C_Windows_notepad_exe_delete()
dy.C_Windows_HelpPane_exe_copy()
C:\Windows\HelpPane.exe
delete C_Windows_notepad_exe del C:\Windows\notepad.exe
copy C_Windows_HelpPane_exe copy C:\Windows\HelpPane.exe

This class allows you to add new attributes and methods at any time.

Edit:

Here is a more generalized solution:

import inspect
import re
from copy import deepcopy
from string import ascii_letters


def copy_func(f):
    if callable(f):
        if inspect.ismethod(f) or inspect.isfunction(f):
            g = lambda *args, **kwargs: f(*args, **kwargs)
            t = list(filter(lambda prop: not ("__" in prop), dir(f)))
            i = 0
            while i < len(t):
                setattr(g, t[i], getattr(f, t[i]))
                i += 1
            return g
    dcoi = deepcopy([f])
    return dcoi[0]


class FlexiblePartial:
    def __init__(self, func, this_args_first, *args, **kwargs):

        try:
            self.f = copy_func(func)  # create a copy of the function
        except Exception:
            self.f = func
        self.this_args_first = this_args_first  # where should the other (optional) arguments be that are passed when the function is called
        try:
            self.modulename = args[0].__class__.__name__  # to make repr look good
        except Exception:
            self.modulename = "self"

        try:
            self.functionname = func.__name__  # to make repr look good
        except Exception:
            try:
                self.functionname = func.__qualname__  # to make repr look good
            except Exception:
                self.functionname = "func"

        self.args = args
        self.kwargs = kwargs

        self.name_to_print = self._create_name()  # to make repr look good

    def _create_name(self):
        stra = self.modulename + "." + self.functionname + "(self, "
        for _ in self.args[1:]:
            stra = stra + repr(_) + ", "
        for key, item in self.kwargs.items():
            stra = stra + str(key) + "=" + repr(item) + ", "
        stra = stra.rstrip().rstrip(",")
        stra += ")"
        if len(stra) > 100:
            stra = stra[:95] + "...)"
        return stra

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        newdic = {}
        newdic.update(self.kwargs)
        newdic.update(kwargs)
        if self.this_args_first:
            return self.f(*self.args[1:], *args, **newdic)

        else:

            return self.f(*args, *self.args[1:], **newdic)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name_to_print

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.__str__()


class AddMethodsAndProperties:
    def add_methods(self, dict_to_add):
        for key_, item in dict_to_add.items():
            key = re.sub(rf"[^{ascii_letters}]+", "_", str(key_)).rstrip("_")
            if isinstance(item, dict):
                if "function" in item:  # for adding methods
                    if not isinstance(
                        item["function"], str
                    ):  # for external functions that are not part of the class
                        setattr(
                            self,
                            key,
                            FlexiblePartial(
                                item["function"],
                                item["this_args_first"],
                                self,
                                *item["args"],
                                **item["kwargs"],
                            ),
                        )

                    else:
                        setattr(
                            self,
                            key,
                            FlexiblePartial(
                                getattr(
                                    self, item["function"]
                                ),  # for internal functions - part of the class
                                item["this_args_first"],
                                self,
                                *item["args"],
                                **item["kwargs"],
                            ),
                        )
            else:  # for adding props
                setattr(self, key, item)

Let's test it:

class NewClass(AddMethodsAndProperties): #inherit from AddMethodsAndProperties to add the method add_methods
    def __init__(self):
        self.bubu = 5

    def _delete_files(self, file): #some random methods 
        print(f"File will be deleted: {file}")

    def delete_files(self, file):
        self._delete_files(file)

    def _copy_files(self, file, dst):
        print(f"File will be copied: {file} Dest: {dst}")

    def copy_files(self, file, dst):
        self._copy_files(file, dst)

    def _create_files(self, file, folder):
        print(f"File will be created: {file} {folder}")

    def create_files(self, file, folder):
        self._create_files(file, folder)

    def method_with_more_kwargs(self, file, folder, one_more):
        print(file, folder, one_more)
        return self


nc = NewClass()
dict_all_files = {
    r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_delete": {
        "function": "delete_files",
        "args": (),
        "kwargs": {"file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe"},
        "this_args_first": True,
    },
    r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_argsfirst": {
        "function": "delete_files",
        "args": (),
        "kwargs": {"file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe"},
        "this_args_first": True,
    },
    r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_copy": {
        "function": "copy_files",
        "args": (),
        "kwargs": {
            "file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe",
            "dst": r"C:\Windows\notepad555.exe",
        },
        "this_args_first": True,
    },
    r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_create": {
        "function": "create_files",
        "args": (),
        "kwargs": {"file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", "folder": "c:\\windows95"},
        "this_args_first": True,
    },
    r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_upper": {
        "function": str.upper,
        "args": (r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe",),
        "kwargs": {},
        "this_args_first": True,
    },
    r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_method_with_more_kwargs": {
        "function": "method_with_more_kwargs",
        "args": (),
        "kwargs": {"file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", "folder": "c:\\windows95"},
        "this_args_first": True,
    },
    r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first": {
        "function": "method_with_more_kwargs",
        "args": (r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", "c:\\windows95"),
        "kwargs": {},
        "this_args_first": True,
    },
    r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last": {
        "function": "method_with_more_kwargs",
        "args": (r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", "c:\\windows95"),
        "kwargs": {},
        "this_args_first": False,
    },
    "this_is_a_list": [55, 3, 3, 1, 4, 43],
}

nc.add_methods(dict_all_files)


print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_delete)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_delete(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_argsfirst)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_argsfirst(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_copy)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_copy(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_create)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_create(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_upper)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_upper(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs)
print(
    nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs(
        one_more="f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs(
        one_more="f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs(
        one_more="f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
    ),
    end="\n\n",
)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first)
print(
    nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first(
        "f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
    ),
    end="\n\n",
)
print(
    nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first(
        "f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first(
        "f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first(
        "f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
    ),
    end="\n\n",
)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last)
print(
    nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
        "f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
        "f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
        "f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
    ),
    end="\n\n",
)
print(
    nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
        "f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
        "f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
        "f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
    ),
    end="\n\n",
)
print(nc.this_is_a_list)
checkit = (
    nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
        "f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
        "f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
    )
    .C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
        "f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
    )
)
print(f'nc is checkit? -> {nc is checkit}')


#output:


NewClass.delete_files(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe')
File will be deleted: C:\Windows\notepad.exe
None


NewClass.delete_files(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe')
File will be deleted: C:\Windows\notepad.exe
None


NewClass.copy_files(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', dst='C:\\Windows\\notepad555.exe')
File will be copied: C:\Windows\notepad.exe Dest: C:\Windows\notepad555.exe
None


NewClass.create_files(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', folder='c:\\windows95')
File will be created: C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
None


NewClass.upper(self, 'C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe')
C:\WINDOWS\NOTEPAD.EXE


NewClass.method_with_more_kwargs(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', folder='c:\\windows95')
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>


NewClass.method_with_more_kwargs(self, 'C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', 'c:\\windows95')
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>


C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>


NewClass.method_with_more_kwargs(self, 'C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', 'c:\\windows95')
f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>


f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>


[55, 3, 3, 1, 4, 43]


f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95


nc is checkit? -> True

Tedesco

If you want to share, you should provide a MWE. This is unintelligible. – Ellord

Look below the text "Let's test it:" – Tedesco

Yeah. That's not a MWE. – Ellord

I am sorry that I didn't follow your definition of a MWE. I will do it better next time. – Tedesco

it's StackOverflow's definition, not mine – Ellord

Answer 19

Apart from what others said, I found that __repr__ and __str__ methods can't be monkeypatched on object level, because repr() and str() use class-methods, not locally-bounded object methods:

# Instance monkeypatch
[ins] In [55]: x.__str__ = show.__get__(x)                                                                 

[ins] In [56]: x                                                                                           
Out[56]: <__main__.X at 0x7fc207180c10>

[ins] In [57]: str(x)                                                                                      
Out[57]: '<__main__.X object at 0x7fc207180c10>'

[ins] In [58]: x.__str__()                                                                                 
Nice object!

# Class monkeypatch
[ins] In [62]: X.__str__ = lambda _: "From class"                                                          

[ins] In [63]: str(x)                                                                                      
Out[63]: 'From class'

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