Based on my attempts it's not possible to calculate this as a single value except for tables and pivot tables. You can use the rank() function in a table or pivot table to calculate the most recent date and then filter on rank = 1 for the most recent date.
Alternatively, to achieve similar functionality, you can use a relative date filter and set dates relative to the current date time or from a parameter. For example, if you are ingesting data on a daily basis you can filter on 'this day' or 'X days' relative to the parameter.
The last resort would be to do a calculation in SQL before ingesting the data into QuickSight. You could create a view with a MAX() calculation and then join this to your dataset as a boolean column so you could filter on this within your visuals.