When an Azure Container Instance is launched it has an amount of disk space available to the container. You have no control over this and are not explicitly charged for it.
Having just ran this command
az container create --image node:8.9.3-alpine -g "Test1" \
-n test1 --command-line 'df -h'
The response shows...
Filesystem Size Used Available Use% Mounted on
overlay 48.4G 2.8G 45.6G 6% /
tmpfs 958.9M 0 958.9M 0% /dev
tmpfs 958.9M 0 958.9M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 48.4G 2.8G 45.6G 6% /dev/termination-log
tmpfs 958.9M 4.0K 958.9M 0% /var/aci_metadata
/dev/sda1 48.4G 2.8G 45.6G 6% /etc/resolv.conf
/dev/sda1 48.4G 2.8G 45.6G 6% /etc/hostname
/dev/sda1 48.4G 2.8G 45.6G 6% /etc/hosts
shm 64.0M 0 64.0M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 958.9M 0 958.9M 0% /proc/kcore
tmpfs 958.9M 0 958.9M 0% /proc/timer_list
tmpfs 958.9M 0 958.9M 0% /proc/timer_stats
tmpfs 958.9M 0 958.9M 0% /proc/sched_debug
So you should have 48gb of disk space to play with.
(I tried to test this with a Win Image, but got hit by a bug trying to get the information out)