AngularJS : The correct way of binding to a service properties
Asked Answered
S

10

164

I’m looking for the best practice of how to bind to a service property in AngularJS.

I have worked through multiple examples to understand how to bind to properties in a service that is created using AngularJS.

Below I have two examples of how to bind to properties in a service; they both work. The first example uses basic bindings and the second example used $scope.$watch to bind to the service properties

Are either of these example preferred when binding to properties in a service or is there another option that I’m not aware of that would be recommended?

The premise of these examples is that the service should updated its properties “lastUpdated” and “calls” every 5 seconds. Once the service properties are updated the view should reflect these changes. Both these example work successfully; I wonder if there is a better way of doing it.

Basic Binding

The following code can be view and ran here: http://plnkr.co/edit/d3c16z

<html>
<body ng-app="ServiceNotification" >

    <div ng-controller="TimerCtrl1" style="border-style:dotted"> 
        TimerCtrl1 <br/>
        Last Updated: {{timerData.lastUpdated}}<br/>
        Last Updated: {{timerData.calls}}<br/>
    </div>

    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.0.5/angular.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        var app = angular.module("ServiceNotification", []);

        function TimerCtrl1($scope, Timer) {
            $scope.timerData = Timer.data;
        };

        app.factory("Timer", function ($timeout) {
            var data = { lastUpdated: new Date(), calls: 0 };

            var updateTimer = function () {
                data.lastUpdated = new Date();
                data.calls += 1;
                console.log("updateTimer: " + data.lastUpdated);

                $timeout(updateTimer, 5000);
            };
            updateTimer();

            return {
                data: data
            };
        });
    </script>
</body>
</html>

The other way I solved binding to service properties is to use $scope.$watch in the controller.

$scope.$watch

The following code can be view and ran here: http://plnkr.co/edit/dSBlC9

<html>
<body ng-app="ServiceNotification">
    <div style="border-style:dotted" ng-controller="TimerCtrl1">
        TimerCtrl1<br/>
        Last Updated: {{lastUpdated}}<br/>
        Last Updated: {{calls}}<br/>
    </div>

    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.0.5/angular.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        var app = angular.module("ServiceNotification", []);

        function TimerCtrl1($scope, Timer) {
            $scope.$watch(function () { return Timer.data.lastUpdated; },
                function (value) {
                    console.log("In $watch - lastUpdated:" + value);
                    $scope.lastUpdated = value;
                }
            );

            $scope.$watch(function () { return Timer.data.calls; },
                function (value) {
                    console.log("In $watch - calls:" + value);
                    $scope.calls = value;
                }
            );
        };

        app.factory("Timer", function ($timeout) {
            var data = { lastUpdated: new Date(), calls: 0 };

            var updateTimer = function () {
                data.lastUpdated = new Date();
                data.calls += 1;
                console.log("updateTimer: " + data.lastUpdated);

                $timeout(updateTimer, 5000);
            };
            updateTimer();

            return {
                data: data
            };
        });
    </script>
</body>
</html>

I’m aware that I can use $rootscope.$broadcast in the service and $root.$on in the controller, but in other examples that I’ve created that use $broadcast/$on the first broadcast is not captured by the controller, but additional calls that are broadcasted are triggered in the controller. If you are aware of a way to solve $rootscope.$broadcast problem, please provide an answer.

But to restate what I mentioned earlier, I would like to know the best practice of how to bind to a service properties.


Update

This question was originally asked and answered in April 2013. In May 2014, Gil Birman provided a new answer, which I changed as the correct answer. Since Gil Birman answer has very few up-votes, my concern is that people reading this question will disregard his answer in favor of other answers with many more votes. Before you make a decision on what's the best answer, I highly recommend Gil Birman's answer.

Scaffold answered 4/4, 2013 at 0:14 Comment(3)
I think Josh David Miller's answer is better that Gil Birman's. And using $watch, $watchGroup and $watchCollection can even make it even better. Separation of concerns is very important on medium to large size apps.Durr
@bardev I think both answers were not useful, and new developers would understand em completely wrong.Ingamar
The problem your asking about is regarding native JavaScript variable behaviour of referencing objects, I added a little bit explanation belowIngamar
L
100

Consider some pros and cons of the second approach:

  • 0 {{lastUpdated}} instead of {{timerData.lastUpdated}}, which could just as easily be {{timer.lastUpdated}}, which I might argue is more readable (but let's not argue... I'm giving this point a neutral rating so you decide for yourself)

  • +1 It may be convenient that the controller acts as a sort of API for the markup such that if somehow the structure of the data model changes you can (in theory) update the controller's API mappings without touching the html partial.

  • -1 However, theory isn't always practice and I usually find myself having to modify markup and controller logic when changes are called for, anyway. So the extra effort of writing the API negates it's advantage.

  • -1 Furthermore, this approach isn't very DRY.

  • -1 If you want to bind the data to ng-model your code become even less DRY as you have to re-package the $scope.scalar_values in the controller to make a new REST call.

  • -0.1 There's a tiny performance hit creating extra watcher(s). Also, if data properties are attached to the model that don't need to be watched in a particular controller they will create additional overhead for the deep watchers.

  • -1 What if multiple controllers need the same data models? That means that you have multiple API's to update with every model change.

$scope.timerData = Timer.data; is starting to sound mighty tempting right about now... Let's dive a little deeper into that last point... What kind of model changes were we talking about? A model on the back-end (server)? Or a model which is created and lives only in the front-end? In either case, what is essentially the data mapping API belongs in the front-end service layer, (an angular factory or service). (Note that your first example--my preference-- doesn't have such an API in the service layer, which is fine because it's simple enough it doesn't need it.)

In conclusion, everything does not have to be decoupled. And as far as decoupling the markup entirely from the data model, the drawbacks outweigh the advantages.


Controllers, in general shouldn't be littered with $scope = injectable.data.scalar's. Rather, they should be sprinkled with $scope = injectable.data's, promise.then(..)'s, and $scope.complexClickAction = function() {..}'s

As an alternative approach to achieve data-decoupling and thus view-encapsulation, the only place that it really makes sense to decouple the view from the model is with a directive. But even there, don't $watch scalar values in the controller or link functions. That won't save time or make the code any more maintainable nor readable. It won't even make testing easier since robust tests in angular usually test the resulting DOM anyway. Rather, in a directive demand your data API in object form, and favor using just the $watchers created by ng-bind.


Example http://plnkr.co/edit/MVeU1GKRTN4bqA3h9Yio

<body ng-app="ServiceNotification">
    <div style="border-style:dotted" ng-controller="TimerCtrl1">
        TimerCtrl1<br/>
        Bad:<br/>
        Last Updated: {{lastUpdated}}<br/>
        Last Updated: {{calls}}<br/>
        Good:<br/>
        Last Updated: {{data.lastUpdated}}<br/>
        Last Updated: {{data.calls}}<br/>
    </div>

    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.0.5/angular.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        var app = angular.module("ServiceNotification", []);

        function TimerCtrl1($scope, Timer) {
            $scope.data = Timer.data;
            $scope.lastUpdated = Timer.data.lastUpdated;
            $scope.calls = Timer.data.calls;
        };

        app.factory("Timer", function ($timeout) {
            var data = { lastUpdated: new Date(), calls: 0 };

            var updateTimer = function () {
                data.lastUpdated = new Date();
                data.calls += 1;
                console.log("updateTimer: " + data.lastUpdated);

                $timeout(updateTimer, 500);
            };
            updateTimer();

            return {
                data: data
            };
        });
    </script>
</body>

UPDATE: I've finally come back to this question to add that I don't think that either approach is "wrong". Originally I had written that Josh David Miller's answer was incorrect, but in retrospect his points are completely valid, especially his point about separation of concerns.

Separation of concerns aside (but tangentially related), there's another reason for defensive copying that I failed to consider. This question mostly deals with reading data directly from a service. But what if a developer on your team decides that the controller needs to transform the data in some trivial way before the view displays it? (Whether controllers should transform data at all is another discussion.) If she doesn't make a copy of the object first she might unwittingly cause regressions in another view component which consumes the same data.

What this question really highlights are architectural shortcomings of the typical angular application (and really any JavaScript application): tight coupling of concerns, and object mutability. I have recently become enamored with architecting application with React and immutable data structures. Doing so solves the following two problems wonderfully:

  1. Separation of concerns: A component consumes all of it's data via props and has little-to-no reliance on global singletons (such as Angular services), and knows nothing about what happened above it in the view hierarchy.

  2. Mutability: All props are immutable which eliminates the risk of unwitting data mutation.

Angular 2.0 is now on track to borrow heavily from React to achieve the two points above.

Lahey answered 21/5, 2014 at 5:40 Comment(3)
More I've been working with AngularJS the more I understand. I believe that AngularJS controllers should be as simple and thin as possible. By adding $watches in the controller it over complicates the logic. By just referencing the value in the service it is much simpler and seems to be more of the AngularJS way. –Scaffold
The "ten commandments" of AngularJS. It is declarative for a reason.Allisonallissa
@GilBirman excellent answer. Would you mind writing and example for the directive? To illustrate what you said "the only place that it really makes sense to decouple the view from the model is with a directive.[...] Rather, in a directive demand your data API in object form, and favor using just the $watchers created by ng-bind."Cartier
S
78

From my perspective, $watch would be the best practice way.

You can actually simplify your example a bit:

function TimerCtrl1($scope, Timer) {
  $scope.$watch( function () { return Timer.data; }, function (data) {
    $scope.lastUpdated = data.lastUpdated;
    $scope.calls = data.calls;
  }, true);
}

That's all you need.

Since the properties are updated simultaneously, you only need one watch. Also, since they come from a single, rather small object, I changed it to just watch the Timer.data property. The last parameter passed to $watch tells it to check for deep equality rather than just ensuring that the reference is the same.


To provide a little context, the reason I would prefer this method to placing the service value directly on the scope is to ensure proper separation of concerns. Your view shouldn't need to know anything about your services in order to operate. The job of the controller is to glue everything together; its job is to get the data from your services and process them in whatever way necessary and then to provide your view with whatever specifics it needs. But I don't think its job is to just pass the service right along to the view. Otherwise, what's the controller even doing there? The AngularJS developers followed the same reasoning when they chose not to include any "logic" in the templates (e.g. if statements).

To be fair, there are probably multiple perspectives here and I look forward to other answers.

Sarad answered 4/4, 2013 at 0:22 Comment(17)
Can you elaborate a bit? Do you prefer the $watches because the view is less coupled to the service? I.e., {{lastUpdated}} vs. {{timerData.lastUpdated}}Pollypollyanna
@MarkRajcok - You're right. I was far too vague. I updated the answer to include my rationale, but your suspicions were right on - it's entirely about decoupling for me.Sarad
@JoshDavidMiller - First thanks for the answer and the follow-up. I created an example with your recommendation at link by using only time.data and passing in true. But in the $watch data is undefined. Can you look at the plnkr.co example and see if Im doing something wrong. Also $watch is only being called once. Thanks.Scaffold
@BarDev Sorry, typo. It's fixed now.Sarad
@JoshDavidMiller - I experimented with similar code and could never get the $watch to work with using just time.data. In the documentation I Never did see the objectEquality option. Setting it to true was the secret. After doing additional research on $watch and true I found other Stackoverflow answers authored by you. You could have directed me to these other questions and I probably would have figured it out, but thanks for providing an answer specific to my question. I will probably accept you answer, but I want to give others time to provide an answer. ThanksScaffold
@BarDev - Thanks for the kind note. A lot of questions get similar answers, but I didn't feel this was really a duplicate. In fact, I upvoted your question. And yes, definitely wait and see if anyone else has anything to say, if for no other reason than I might just be full of crap. :-)Sarad
@BarDev, to use Timer.data in a $watch, Timer has to be defined on the $scope, because the string expression you pass to $watch is evaluated against the scope. Here is a plunker that shows how to make that work. The objectEquality parameter is documented here -- 3rd parameter -- but not really explained too well.Pollypollyanna
Performance wise, $watch is quite inefficient. See answers at https://mcmap.net/q/80886/-angularjs-how-to-watch-service-variables and #12577298Whitcomb
@Kyrm That's probably true in some circumstances, but when dealing with performance we need to look for the "clinically significant" performance enhancements, rather than just the statistically significant, generalized ones. If there is a performance problem in an existing application, then it should be addressed. Otherwise, it's just a case of premature optimization, which leads to harder-to-read, bug-prone code that doesn't follow best practices and which has no demonstrated benefit.Sarad
This question was originally asked and answered in April 2013. Over the past year I have come to the conclusion that Controllers should be as simple and thin as possible and by adding $watches to the controller that are not need makes the controller more complex. In another answer @Gil Birman describes why $watches are not prefered and I'm changing the correct answer to his answer.Scaffold
quick question more about the architecture / decoupling: Is there a point of having getters/setters methods on services and then having some watch on properties (of the same getters/setters) function?Cassatt
@aRkadeFR - I prefer getters and setters on services because it abstracts interface from implementation and make refactoring easier.Sarad
thanks @JoshDavidMiller , and the watch on the properties remains good even through a getter/setter ?Cassatt
Assuming the watcher uses a function to call the getter, then yes. It works well. I'm also a proponent of services returning instances in a collection, where getter and setter features of es5 with fairly well instead.Sarad
indeed a watch works. I do a $scope.prop = []; $scope.$watch( ... ); Is there a way to compress these 2 lines in one?Cassatt
If you use an expression as the first argument, then its evaluation in the digest will correctly handle the undefined and the declaration is not necessary. But if you need to mutate the array or read it outside of a $watch, then you need to declare it first, of course. In that scenario, two lines are necessary.Sarad
This answer is better than the selected one.Durr
I
22

Late to the party, but for future Googlers - don't use the provided answer.

JavaScript has a mechanism of passing objects by reference, while it only passes a shallow copy for values "numbers, strings etc".

In above example, instead of binding attributes of a service, why don't we expose the service to the scope?

$scope.hello = HelloService;

This simple approach will make angular able to do two-way binding and all the magical things you need. Don't hack your controller with watchers or unneeded markup.

And if you are worried about your view accidentally overwriting your service attributes, use defineProperty to make it readable, enumerable, configurable, or define getters and setters. You can gain lots of control by making your service more solid.

Final tip: if you spend your time working on your controller more than your services then you are doing it wrong :(.

In that particular demo code you supplied I would recommend you do:

 function TimerCtrl1($scope, Timer) {
   $scope.timer = Timer;
 }
///Inside view
{{ timer.time_updated }}
{{ timer.other_property }}
etc...

Edit:

As I mentioned above, you can control the behaviour of your service attributes using defineProperty

Example:

// Lets expose a property named "propertyWithSetter" on our service
// and hook a setter function that automatically saves new value to db !
Object.defineProperty(self, 'propertyWithSetter', {
  get: function() { return self.data.variable; },
  set: function(newValue) { 
         self.data.variable = newValue; 
         // let's update the database too to reflect changes in data-model !
         self.updateDatabaseWithNewData(data);
       },
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true
});

Now in our controller if we do

$scope.hello = HelloService;
$scope.hello.propertyWithSetter = 'NEW VALUE';

our service will change the value of propertyWithSetter and also post the new value to database somehow!

Or we can take any approach we want.

Refer to the MDN documentation for defineProperty.

Ingamar answered 6/4, 2016 at 3:37 Comment(3)
Pretty sure that's what I was describing above, with $scope.model = {timerData: Timer.data};, just attaching it to model instead of directly on Scope.Wickiup
AFAIK, the js object reference works for everything in Service. Coding like this: $scope.controllerVar = ServiceVar, everything you do in $scope.controllerVar are also done in ServiceVar.Resistant
@KaiWang agree, unless you decided to use DefineAttribute then you can make your services have a setter function to prevent controllers from accidental mutating your service data.Ingamar
W
12

I think this question has a contextual component.

If you're simply pulling data from a service & radiating that information to it's view, I think binding directly to the service property is just fine. I don't want to write a lot of boilerplate code to simply map service properties to model properties to consume in my view.

Further, performance in angular is based on two things. The first is how many bindings are on a page. The second is how expensive getter functions are. Misko talks about this here

If you need to perform instance specific logic on the service data (as opposed to data massaging applied within the service itself), and the outcome of this impacts the data model exposed to the view, then I would say a $watcher is appropriate, as long as the function isn't terribly expensive. In the case of an expensive function, I would suggest caching the results in a local (to controller) variable, performing your complex operations outside of the $watcher function, and then binding your scope to the result of that.

As a caveat, you shouldn't be hanging any properties directly off your $scope. The $scope variable is NOT your model. It has references to your model.

In my mind, "best practice" for simply radiating information from service down to view:

function TimerCtrl1($scope, Timer) {
  $scope.model = {timerData: Timer.data};
};

And then your view would contain {{model.timerData.lastupdated}}.

Wickiup answered 8/5, 2013 at 21:52 Comment(2)
careful with that suggestion, someone not expert in javascript could try to do that with a property that is a string. In that case javascript doesn't make a reference to the object, but raw copies the string. (and that's bad cause it doesn't get updated, if it changes)Bridget
Did I not cover that with my 'caveat' that you should always use the dot (meaning don't hang it off $scope, but off $scope.model). If you have $scope.model.someStringProperty, and you reference model.someStringProperty in your view, it WILL get updated, because the internal watchers will be on the object, not the prop.Wickiup
K
6

Building on the examples above I thought I'd throw in a way of transparently binding a controller variable to a service variable.

In the example below changes to the Controller $scope.count variable will automatically be reflected in the Service count variable.

In production we're actually using the this binding to update an id on a service which then asynchronously fetches data and updates its service vars. Further binding that means that controllers automagically get updated when the service updates itself.

The code below can be seen working at http://jsfiddle.net/xuUHS/163/

View:

<div ng-controller="ServiceCtrl">
    <p> This is my countService variable : {{count}}</p>
    <input type="number" ng-model="count">
    <p> This is my updated after click variable : {{countS}}</p>

    <button ng-click="clickC()" >Controller ++ </button>
    <button ng-click="chkC()" >Check Controller Count</button>
    </br>

    <button ng-click="clickS()" >Service ++ </button>
    <button ng-click="chkS()" >Check Service Count</button>
</div>

Service/Controller:

var app = angular.module('myApp', []);

app.service('testService', function(){
    var count = 10;

    function incrementCount() {
      count++;
      return count;
    };

    function getCount() { return count; }

    return {
        get count() { return count },
        set count(val) {
            count = val;
        },
        getCount: getCount,
        incrementCount: incrementCount
    }

});

function ServiceCtrl($scope, testService)
{

    Object.defineProperty($scope, 'count', {
        get: function() { return testService.count; },
        set: function(val) { testService.count = val; },
    });

    $scope.clickC = function () {
       $scope.count++;
    };
    $scope.chkC = function () {
        alert($scope.count);
    };

    $scope.clickS = function () {
       ++testService.count;
    };
    $scope.chkS = function () {
        alert(testService.count);
    };

}
Keane answered 26/6, 2015 at 9:29 Comment(1)
This is an awesome solution, thank you, this helped me a lot, very smart way of doing it :)Cadelle
J
3

I think it's a better way to bind on the service itself instead of the attributes on it.

Here's why:

<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.7/angular.min.js"></script>
<body ng-app="BindToService">

  <div ng-controller="BindToServiceCtrl as ctrl">
    ArrService.arrOne: <span ng-repeat="v in ArrService.arrOne">{{v}}</span>
    <br />
    ArrService.arrTwo: <span ng-repeat="v in ArrService.arrTwo">{{v}}</span>
    <br />
    <br />
    <!-- This is empty since $scope.arrOne never changes -->
    arrOne: <span ng-repeat="v in arrOne">{{v}}</span>
    <br />
    <!-- This is not empty since $scope.arrTwo === ArrService.arrTwo -->
    <!-- Both of them point the memory space modified by the `push` function below -->
    arrTwo: <span ng-repeat="v in arrTwo">{{v}}</span>
  </div>

  <script type="text/javascript">
    var app = angular.module("BindToService", []);

    app.controller("BindToServiceCtrl", function ($scope, ArrService) {
      $scope.ArrService = ArrService;
      $scope.arrOne = ArrService.arrOne;
      $scope.arrTwo = ArrService.arrTwo;
    });

    app.service("ArrService", function ($interval) {
      var that = this,
          i = 0;
      this.arrOne = [];
      that.arrTwo = [];

      $interval(function () {
        // This will change arrOne (the pointer).
        // However, $scope.arrOne is still same as the original arrOne.
        that.arrOne = that.arrOne.concat([i]);

        // This line changes the memory block pointed by arrTwo.
        // And arrTwo (the pointer) itself never changes.
        that.arrTwo.push(i);
        i += 1;
      }, 1000);

    });
  </script>
</body> 

You can play it on this plunker.

Jaban answered 17/12, 2014 at 7:32 Comment(0)
V
1

I would rather keep my watchers a less as possible. My reason is based on my experiences and one might argue it theoretically.
The issue with using watchers is that you can use any property on scope to call any of the methods in any component or service you like.
In a real world project, pretty soon you'll end up with a non-tracable (better said hard to trace) chain of methods being called and values being changed which specially makes the on-boarding process tragic.

Vday answered 12/4, 2017 at 9:34 Comment(0)
M
0

To bind any data,which sends service is not a good idea (architecture),but if you need it anymore I suggest you 2 ways to do that

1) you can get the data not inside you service.You can get data inside your controller/directive and you will not have a problem to bind it anywhere

2) you can use angularjs events.Whenever you want,you can send a signal(from $rootScope) and catch it wherever you want.You can even send a data on that eventName.

Maybe this can help you. If you need more with examples,here is the link

http://www.w3docs.com/snippets/angularjs/bind-value-between-service-and-controller-directive.html

Miguel answered 11/8, 2015 at 16:9 Comment(0)
M
-1

What about

scope = _.extend(scope, ParentScope);

Where ParentScope is an injected service?

Millan answered 23/12, 2015 at 17:42 Comment(0)
G
-2

The Most Elegant Solutions...

app.service('svc', function(){ this.attr = []; return this; });
app.controller('ctrl', function($scope, svc){
    $scope.attr = svc.attr || [];
    $scope.$watch('attr', function(neo, old){ /* if necessary */ });
});
app.run(function($rootScope, svc){
    $rootScope.svc = svc;
    $rootScope.$watch('svc', function(neo, old){ /* change the world */ });
});

Also, I write EDAs (Event-Driven Architectures) so I tend to do something like the following [oversimplified version]:

var Service = function Service($rootScope) {
    var $scope = $rootScope.$new(this);
    $scope.that = [];
    $scope.$watch('that', thatObserver, true);
    function thatObserver(what) {
        $scope.$broadcast('that:changed', what);
    }
};

Then, I put a listener in my controller on the desired channel and just keep my local scope up to date this way.

In conclusion, there's not much of a "Best Practice" -- rather, its mostly preference -- as long as you're keeping things SOLID and employing weak coupling. The reason I would advocate the latter code is because EDAs have the lowest coupling feasible by nature. And if you aren't too concerned about this fact, let us avoid working on the same project together.

Hope this helps...

Glasser answered 10/2, 2015 at 3:9 Comment(0)

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