How slicing in Python works

Question

How does Python's slice notation work? That is: when I write code like a[x:y:z], a[:], a[::2] etc., how can I understand which elements end up in the slice?

---

_{See Why are slice and range upper-bound exclusive? to learn why xs[0:2] == [xs[0], xs[1]], not [..., xs[2]].
See Make a new list containing every Nth item in the original list for xs[::N].
See How does assignment work with list slices? to learn what xs[0:2] = ["a", "b"] does.}

Hinckley

Answer 1

The syntax is:

a[start:stop]  # items start through stop-1
a[start:]      # items start through the rest of the array
a[:stop]       # items from the beginning through stop-1
a[:]           # a copy of the whole array

There is also the step value, which can be used with any of the above:

a[start:stop:step] # start through not past stop, by step

The key point to remember is that the :stop value represents the first value that is not in the selected slice. So, the difference between stop and start is the number of elements selected (if step is 1, the default).

The other feature is that start or stop may be a negative number, which means it counts from the end of the array instead of the beginning. So:

a[-1]    # last item in the array
a[-2:]   # last two items in the array
a[:-2]   # everything except the last two items

Similarly, step may be a negative number:

a[::-1]    # all items in the array, reversed
a[1::-1]   # the first two items, reversed
a[:-3:-1]  # the last two items, reversed
a[-3::-1]  # everything except the last two items, reversed

Python is kind to the programmer if there are fewer items than you ask for. For example, if you ask for a[:-2] and a only contains one element, you get an empty list instead of an error. Sometimes you would prefer the error, so you have to be aware that this may happen.

Relationship with the slice object

A slice object can represent a slicing operation, i.e.:

a[start:stop:step]

is equivalent to:

a[slice(start, stop, step)]

Slice objects also behave slightly differently depending on the number of arguments, similar to range(), i.e. both slice(stop) and slice(start, stop[, step]) are supported. To skip specifying a given argument, one might use None, so that e.g. a[start:] is equivalent to a[slice(start, None)] or a[::-1] is equivalent to a[slice(None, None, -1)].

While the :-based notation is very helpful for simple slicing, the explicit use of slice() objects simplifies the programmatic generation of slicing.

Helpmeet

Slicing builtin types returns a copy but that's not universal. Notably, slicing NumPy arrays returns a view that shares memory with the original. – Ala

This is a beautiful answer with the votes to prove it, but it misses one thing: you can substitute None for any of the empty spaces. For example [None:None] makes a whole copy. This is useful when you need to specify the end of the range using a variable and need to include the last item. – Bally

Note that contrary to usual Python slices (see above), in Pandas Dataframes both the start and the stop are included when present in the index. For further info see the Pandas indexing documentation. – Decapolis

What really annoys me is that python says that when you don't set the start and the end, they default to 0 and the length of sequence. So, in theory, when you use "abcdef"[::-1] it should be transformed to "abcdef"[0:6:-1], but these two expressions does not get the same output. I feel that something is missing in python documentation since the creation of the language. – Pibroch

And I know that "abcdef"[::-1] is transformed to "abcdef"[6:-7:-1], so, the best way to explain would be: let len be the length of the sequence. If step is positive, the defaults for start and end are 0 and len. Else if step is negative, the defaults for start and end are len and -len - 1. – Pibroch

Somewhat interestingly the third step or stride argument was a later addition slice[start:stop:stride] docs.python.org/2.3/whatsnew/section-slices.html – Berezniki

"a[-1] # last item in the array" Is this the only way to retrieve last item using Slicing? It seems like a[-1:] doesn't work. Why? – Paediatrician

Why does it seem like start: stop are in the wrong order for these: a[1::-1] # the first two items, reversed a[:-3:-1] # the last two items, reversed a[-3::-1] # everything except the last two items, reversed I checked on iPython console that your answer is correct but it seems to not be in line with the start:stop: step. I would think reverse first two items would be a[:2:-1] – Porous

@Paediatrician a[-1] isn't slicing, it's indexing, which is why it returns the last object in the list, instead of the sublist containing only the last object in the list, which is what a[-1:] returns. – Khoisan

@mLstudent33, a[:2:-1] does not specify a START, but specifies that you want to index in reverse and STOP at index 2 (not inclusive), so it will return all but the first three elements, in reverse order (i.e. a[-1], a[-2],...,a[3]). a[1::-1] specifies the START at index 1 (inclusive), does not specify a STOP, and specifies that you want to index in reverse, so it will return the first two entries in the list, in reverse order (i.e. a[1], a[0]). – Khoisan

Does anyone see something like this dc[:, i : i + 1, :]? – Absence

I was trying to evaluate how slice.indices results the range and step >>> slice(None,None,-1).indices(6) (5, -1, -1) >>> seq='python' >>> seq[::-1] 'nohtyp' But when i try and use the evaluated value from slice.indices call , it results >>> seq[5:-1:-1] '' It was resulted into an empty slice rather reversing the python. Why so ? – Gibrian

@Khoisan could you please help me out? I don't understand one thing: why does a[:2:-1] return all elements except first three of them instead of returning all elements except first two of them? For example if I do this: a[:3] it returns first two elements (except the 3rd) – Syngamy

@JustLearn, a[:3] should return the first three elements, i.e. elements 0, 1, and 2; stopping before returning element 3 (the fourth element). [:2:-1] should return all except the first three elements (assuming there are at least 4 elements), because it should return element -1 (the last element), then the one before that, and so on, stopping before returning element 2, and therefore not returning elements 2, 1, or 0. (Python is zero indexed) – Khoisan

@Pibroch That's documented under Common Sequence Operations: "s[i:j:k] slice of s from i to j with step k ... [Note 5] ... If i or j are omitted or None, they become “end” values (which end depends on the sign of k)." Also, the canonical equivalent for "abcdef"[::-1] is "abcdef"[-1:-7:-1]. – Sikhism

One thing I was surprised to find is that "the difference between stop and start is the number of elements selected (if step is 1, the default)." is not necessarily true if you mix positive and negative indices. Try '0123456789'[-8:7:1] – Khoisan

@Joe, your example is the same as [2:7:1] – Julenejulep

@hpaulj, yes, I understand how it works now, but at the time I was surprised. I don't remember what I was doing, but I remember that I was varying start and stop in a way such that I expected that start -= 1 couldn't make the slice shorter. I didn't anticipate the discontinuity when start changed from 0 to -1. Basically, I had expected "the difference between stop and start is the number of elements selected (if step is 1, the default)," which is not true if one of those is negative and the other isn't. – Khoisan

Answer 2

The Python tutorial talks about it (scroll down a bit until you get to the part about slicing).

The ASCII art diagram is helpful too for remembering how slices work:

 +---+---+---+---+---+---+
 | P | y | t | h | o | n |
 +---+---+---+---+---+---+
   0   1   2   3   4   5
  -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1

One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n.

Bumbledom

This suggestion works for positive stride, but does not for a negative stride. From the diagram, I expect a[-4,-6,-1] to be yP but it is ty. What always work is to think in characters or slots and use indexing as a half-open interval -- right-open if positive stride, left-open if negative stride. – Adda

But there's no way to collapse to an empty set starting from the end (like x[:0] does when starting from the beginning), so you have to special-case small arrays. :/ – Shaffert

@Adda You are absolutely right. The solution is to have the indices shifted to the right, centered just below the characters, and notice that the stop is always excluded. See another response just below. – Sprain

Addendum to my comment: see my answer with diagrams below: https://mcmap.net/q/14759/-how-slicing-in-python-works – Adda

Answer 3

Enumerating the possibilities allowed by the grammar for the sequence x:

>>> x[:]                # [x[0],   x[1],          ..., x[-1]    ]
>>> x[low:]             # [x[low], x[low+1],      ..., x[-1]    ]
>>> x[:high]            # [x[0],   x[1],          ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[low:high]         # [x[low], x[low+1],      ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[::stride]         # [x[0],   x[stride],     ..., x[-1]    ]
>>> x[low::stride]      # [x[low], x[low+stride], ..., x[-1]    ]
>>> x[:high:stride]     # [x[0],   x[stride],     ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[low:high:stride]  # [x[low], x[low+stride], ..., x[high-1]]

Of course, if (high-low)%stride != 0, then the end point will be a little lower than high-1.

If stride is negative, the ordering is changed a bit since we're counting down:

>>> x[::-stride]        # [x[-1],   x[-1-stride],   ..., x[0]    ]
>>> x[high::-stride]    # [x[high], x[high-stride], ..., x[0]    ]
>>> x[:low:-stride]     # [x[-1],   x[-1-stride],   ..., x[low+1]]
>>> x[high:low:-stride] # [x[high], x[high-stride], ..., x[low+1]]

Extended slicing (with commas and ellipses) are mostly used only by special data structures (like NumPy); the basic sequences don't support them.

>>> class slicee:
...     def __getitem__(self, item):
...         return repr(item)
...
>>> slicee()[0, 1:2, ::5, ...]
'(0, slice(1, 2, None), slice(None, None, 5), Ellipsis)'

Idel

Actually there is still something left out e.g. if I type 'apple'[4:-4:-1] I get 'elp', python is translating the -4 to a 1 maybe? – Juncture

note that backticks are deprecated in favour of repr – Sikhism

@Juncture The type implementing __getitem__ is; your example is equivalent to apple[slice(4, -4, -1)]. – Headwaters

The first two tables are pure gold. – Askins

Answer 4

The answers above don't discuss slice assignment. To understand slice assignment, it's helpful to add another concept to the ASCII art:

                +---+---+---+---+---+---+
                | P | y | t | h | o | n |
                +---+---+---+---+---+---+
Slice position: 0   1   2   3   4   5   6
Index position:   0   1   2   3   4   5

>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
# Why the two sets of numbers:
# indexing gives items, not lists
>>> p[0]
 'P'
>>> p[5]
 'n'

# Slicing gives lists
>>> p[0:1]
 ['P']
>>> p[0:2]
 ['P','y']

One heuristic is, for a slice from zero to n, think: "zero is the beginning, start at the beginning and take n items in a list".

>>> p[5] # the last of six items, indexed from zero
 'n'
>>> p[0:5] # does NOT include the last item!
 ['P','y','t','h','o']
>>> p[0:6] # not p[0:5]!!!
 ['P','y','t','h','o','n']

Another heuristic is, "for any slice, replace the start by zero, apply the previous heuristic to get the end of the list, then count the first number back up to chop items off the beginning"

>>> p[0:4] # Start at the beginning and count out 4 items
 ['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4] # Take one item off the front
 ['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4] # Take two items off the front
 ['t','h']
# etc.

The first rule of slice assignment is that since slicing returns a list, slice assignment requires a list (or other iterable):

>>> p[2:3]
 ['t']
>>> p[2:3] = ['T']
>>> p
 ['P','y','T','h','o','n']
>>> p[2:3] = 't'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can only assign an iterable

The second rule of slice assignment, which you can also see above, is that whatever portion of the list is returned by slice indexing, that's the same portion that is changed by slice assignment:

>>> p[2:4]
 ['T','h']
>>> p[2:4] = ['t','r']
>>> p
 ['P','y','t','r','o','n']

The third rule of slice assignment is, the assigned list (iterable) doesn't have to have the same length; the indexed slice is simply sliced out and replaced en masse by whatever is being assigned:

>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n'] # Start over
>>> p[2:4] = ['s','p','a','m']
>>> p
 ['P','y','s','p','a','m','o','n']

The trickiest part to get used to is assignment to empty slices. Using heuristic 1 and 2 it's easy to get your head around indexing an empty slice:

>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[0:4]
 ['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4]
 ['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4]
 ['t','h']
>>> p[3:4]
 ['h']
>>> p[4:4]
 []

And then once you've seen that, slice assignment to the empty slice makes sense too:

>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[2:4] = ['x','y'] # Assigned list is same length as slice
>>> p
 ['P','y','x','y','o','n'] # Result is same length
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[3:4] = ['x','y'] # Assigned list is longer than slice
>>> p
 ['P','y','t','x','y','o','n'] # The result is longer
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[4:4] = ['x','y']
>>> p
 ['P','y','t','h','x','y','o','n'] # The result is longer still

Note that, since we are not changing the second number of the slice (4), the inserted items always stack right up against the 'o', even when we're assigning to the empty slice. So the position for the empty slice assignment is the logical extension of the positions for the non-empty slice assignments.

Backing up a little bit, what happens when you keep going with our procession of counting up the slice beginning?

>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[0:4]
 ['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4]
 ['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4]
 ['t','h']
>>> p[3:4]
 ['h']
>>> p[4:4]
 []
>>> p[5:4]
 []
>>> p[6:4]
 []

With slicing, once you're done, you're done; it doesn't start slicing backwards. In Python you don't get negative strides unless you explicitly ask for them by using a negative number.

>>> p[5:3:-1]
 ['n','o']

There are some weird consequences to the "once you're done, you're done" rule:

>>> p[4:4]
 []
>>> p[5:4]
 []
>>> p[6:4]
 []
>>> p[6]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range

In fact, compared to indexing, Python slicing is bizarrely error-proof:

>>> p[100:200]
 []
>>> p[int(2e99):int(1e99)]
 []

This can come in handy sometimes, but it can also lead to somewhat strange behavior:

>>> p
 ['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']
>>> p[int(2e99):int(1e99)] = ['p','o','w','e','r']
>>> p
 ['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n', 'p', 'o', 'w', 'e', 'r']

Depending on your application, that might... or might not... be what you were hoping for there!

---

Below is the text of my original answer. It has been useful to many people, so I didn't want to delete it.

>>> r=[1,2,3,4]
>>> r[1:1]
[]
>>> r[1:1]=[9,8]
>>> r
[1, 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
>>> r[1:1]=['blah']
>>> r
[1, 'blah', 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]

This may also clarify the difference between slicing and indexing.

Pedagogy

If I wanted to remove the 1st x elements of a list, what will be better: l = l[6:] or l[:] = l[6:]? – Downey

The first way works for a list or a string; the second way only works for a list, because slice assignment isn't allowed for strings. Other than that I think the only difference is speed: it looks like it's a little faster the first way. Try it yourself with timeit.timeit() or preferably timeit.repeat(). They are super easy to use and very educational, it's worth getting used to playing with them all the time! – Pedagogy

Curious about what's the time complexity of doing r[1:1]=['blah'] ? thanks! – Quechuan

p[2:3] = 't' works fine ! there should be no TypeError ! – Rivalry

Should be read in conjunction with this great answer to stackoverflow.com/questions/31593201/…. – Etherify

Answer 5

Explain Python's slice notation

In short, the colons (:) in subscript notation (subscriptable[subscriptarg]) make slice notation, which has the optional arguments start, stop, and step:

sliceable[start:stop:step]

Python slicing is a computationally fast way to methodically access parts of your data. In my opinion, to be even an intermediate Python programmer, it's one aspect of the language that it is necessary to be familiar with.

Important Definitions

To begin with, let's define a few terms:

start: the beginning index of the slice, it will include the element at this index unless it is the same as stop, defaults to 0, i.e. the first index. If it's negative, it means to start n items from the end.

stop: the ending index of the slice, it does not include the element at this index, defaults to length of the sequence being sliced, that is, up to and including the end.

step: the amount by which the index increases, defaults to 1. If it's negative, you're slicing over the iterable in reverse.

How Indexing Works

You can make any of these positive or negative numbers. The meaning of the positive numbers is straightforward, but for negative numbers, just like indexes in Python, you count backwards from the end for the start and stop, and for the step, you simply decrement your index. This example is from the documentation's tutorial, but I've modified it slightly to indicate which item in a sequence each index references:

 +---+---+---+---+---+---+
 | P | y | t | h | o | n |
 +---+---+---+---+---+---+
   0   1   2   3   4   5 
  -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1

How Slicing Works

To use slice notation with a sequence that supports it, you must include at least one colon in the square brackets that follow the sequence (which actually implement the __getitem__ method of the sequence, according to the Python data model.)

Slice notation works like this:

sequence[start:stop:step]

And recall that there are defaults for start, stop, and step, so to access the defaults, simply leave out the argument.

Slice notation to get the last nine elements from a list (or any other sequence that supports it, like a string) would look like this:

my_list[-9:]

When I see this, I read the part in the brackets as "9th from the end, to the end." (Actually, I abbreviate it mentally as "-9, on")

Explanation:

The full notation is

my_list[-9:None:None]

and to substitute the defaults (actually when step is negative, stop's default is -len(my_list) - 1, so None for stop really just means it goes to whichever end step takes it to):

my_list[-9:len(my_list):1]

The colon, :, is what tells Python you're giving it a slice and not a regular index. That's why the idiomatic way of making a shallow copy of lists in Python 2 is

list_copy = sequence[:]

And clearing them is with:

del my_list[:]

(Python 3 gets a list.copy and list.clear method.)

When step is negative, the defaults for start and stop change

By default, when the step argument is empty (or None), it is assigned to +1.

But you can pass in a negative integer, and the list (or most other standard sliceables) will be sliced from the end to the beginning.

Thus a negative slice will change the defaults for start and stop!

Confirming this in the source

I like to encourage users to read the source as well as the documentation. The source code for slice objects and this logic is found here. First we determine if step is negative:

step_is_negative = step_sign < 0;

If so, the lower bound is -1 meaning we slice all the way up to and including the beginning, and the upper bound is the length minus 1, meaning we start at the end. (Note that the semantics of this -1 is different from a -1 that users may pass indexes in Python indicating the last item.)

if (step_is_negative) {
    lower = PyLong_FromLong(-1L);
    if (lower == NULL)
        goto error;

    upper = PyNumber_Add(length, lower);
    if (upper == NULL)
        goto error;
}

Otherwise step is positive, and the lower bound will be zero and the upper bound (which we go up to but not including) the length of the sliced list.

else {
    lower = _PyLong_Zero;
    Py_INCREF(lower);
    upper = length;
    Py_INCREF(upper);
}

Then, we may need to apply the defaults for start and stop—the default then for start is calculated as the upper bound when step is negative:

if (self->start == Py_None) {
    start = step_is_negative ? upper : lower;
    Py_INCREF(start);
}

and stop, the lower bound:

if (self->stop == Py_None) {
    stop = step_is_negative ? lower : upper;
    Py_INCREF(stop);
}

Give your slices a descriptive name!

You may find it useful to separate forming the slice from passing it to the list.__getitem__ method (that's what the square brackets do). Even if you're not new to it, it keeps your code more readable so that others that may have to read your code can more readily understand what you're doing.

However, you can't just assign some integers separated by colons to a variable. You need to use the slice object:

last_nine_slice = slice(-9, None)

The second argument, None, is required, so that the first argument is interpreted as the start argument otherwise it would be the stop argument.

You can then pass the slice object to your sequence:

>>> list(range(100))[last_nine_slice]
[91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]

It's interesting that ranges also take slices:

>>> range(100)[last_nine_slice]
range(91, 100)

Memory Considerations:

Since slices of Python lists create new objects in memory, another important function to be aware of is itertools.islice. Typically you'll want to iterate over a slice, not just have it created statically in memory. islice is perfect for this. A caveat, it doesn't support negative arguments to start, stop, or step, so if that's an issue you may need to calculate indices or reverse the iterable in advance.

length = 100
last_nine_iter = itertools.islice(list(range(length)), length-9, None, 1)
list_last_nine = list(last_nine_iter)

and now:

>>> list_last_nine
[91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]

The fact that list slices make a copy is a feature of lists themselves. If you're slicing advanced objects like a Pandas DataFrame, it may return a view on the original, and not a copy.

Muttonchops

@WinEunuuchs2Unix that's great feedback - this is a standard Python behavior, but it could be made clearer in that sort of way, so I'll consider updating my material to include this semantic. – Muttonchops

Your answer is the only one (?) that touches the tip of what would be interesting here, when you write "slicable" - the rest is triviality. I wanted to know how the slicing is done, using the __getitem__ method. But if I understand well, you have to do all of it on your own: check whether the arg to your __getitem__ is an int or a slice (or what else could it be?), and in that (slice) case, deal with all possible cases ((A) or (A,B) or (A,B,C), and all possible sign combinations) on your own.... is that right? – Dalury

Answer 6

And a couple of things that weren't immediately obvious to me when I first saw the slicing syntax:

>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> x[::-1]
[6,5,4,3,2,1]

Easy way to reverse sequences!

And if you wanted, for some reason, every second item in the reversed sequence:

>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> x[::-2]
[6,4,2]

Firing

Answer 7

In Python 2.7

Slicing in Python

[a:b:c]

len = length of string, tuple or list

c -- default is +1. The sign of c indicates forward or backward, absolute value of c indicates steps. Default is forward with step size 1. Positive means forward, negative means backward.

a --  When c is positive or blank, default is 0. When c is negative, default is -1.

b --  When c is positive or blank, default is len. When c is negative, default is -(len+1).

Understanding index assignment is very important.

In forward direction, starts at 0 and ends at len-1

In backward direction, starts at -1 and ends at -len

When you say [a:b:c], you are saying depending on the sign of c (forward or backward), start at a and end at b (excluding element at bth index). Use the indexing rule above and remember you will only find elements in this range:

-len, -len+1, -len+2, ..., 0, 1, 2,3,4 , len -1

But this range continues in both directions infinitely:

...,-len -2 ,-len-1,-len, -len+1, -len+2, ..., 0, 1, 2,3,4 , len -1, len, len +1, len+2 , ....

For example:

             0    1    2   3    4   5   6   7   8   9   10   11
             a    s    t   r    i   n   g
    -9  -8  -7   -6   -5  -4   -3  -2  -1

If your choice of a, b, and c allows overlap with the range above as you traverse using rules for a,b,c above you will either get a list with elements (touched during traversal) or you will get an empty list.

One last thing: if a and b are equal, then also you get an empty list:

>>> l1
[2, 3, 4]

>>> l1[:]
[2, 3, 4]

>>> l1[::-1] # a default is -1 , b default is -(len+1)
[4, 3, 2]

>>> l1[:-4:-1] # a default is -1
[4, 3, 2]

>>> l1[:-3:-1] # a default is -1
[4, 3]

>>> l1[::] # c default is +1, so a default is 0, b default is len
[2, 3, 4]

>>> l1[::-1] # c is -1 , so a default is -1 and b default is -(len+1)
[4, 3, 2]


>>> l1[-100:-200:-1] # Interesting
[]

>>> l1[-1:-200:-1] # Interesting
[4, 3, 2]


>>> l1[-1:-1:1]
[]


>>> l1[-1:5:1] # Interesting
[4]


>>> l1[1:-7:1]
[]

>>> l1[1:-7:-1] # Interesting
[3, 2]

>>> l1[:-2:-2] # a default is -1, stop(b) at -2 , step(c) by 2 in reverse direction
[4]

Henton

another one interesting example: a = [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]; a[:-2:-2] which results to [9] – Daffi

Answer 8

Found this great table at http://wiki.python.org/moin/MovingToPythonFromOtherLanguages

Python indexes and slices for a six-element list.
Indexes enumerate the elements, slices enumerate the spaces between the elements.

Index from rear:    -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1      a=[0,1,2,3,4,5]    a[1:]==[1,2,3,4,5]
Index from front:    0   1   2   3   4   5      len(a)==6          a[:5]==[0,1,2,3,4]
                   +---+---+---+---+---+---+    a[0]==0            a[:-2]==[0,1,2,3]
                   | a | b | c | d | e | f |    a[5]==5            a[1:2]==[1]
                   +---+---+---+---+---+---+    a[-1]==5           a[1:-1]==[1,2,3,4]
Slice from front:  :   1   2   3   4   5   :    a[-2]==4
Slice from rear:   :  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1   :
                                                b=a[:]
                                                b==[0,1,2,3,4,5] (shallow copy of a)

Meridithmeriel

Answer 9

After using it a bit I realise that the simplest description is that it is exactly the same as the arguments in a for loop...

(from:to:step)

Any of them are optional:

(:to:step)
(from::step)
(from:to)

Then the negative indexing just needs you to add the length of the string to the negative indices to understand it.

This works for me anyway...

Hinckley

Answer 10

I find it easier to remember how it works, and then I can figure out any specific start/stop/step combination.

It's instructive to understand range() first:

def range(start=0, stop, step=1):  # Illegal syntax, but that's the effect
    i = start
    while (i < stop if step > 0 else i > stop):
        yield i
        i += step

Begin from start, increment by step, do not reach stop. Very simple.

The thing to remember about negative step is that stop is always the excluded end, whether it's higher or lower. If you want same slice in opposite order, it's much cleaner to do the reversal separately: e.g. 'abcde'[1:-2][::-1] slices off one char from left, two from right, then reverses. (See also reversed().)

Sequence slicing is same, except it first normalizes negative indexes, and it can never go outside the sequence:

TODO: The code below had a bug with "never go outside the sequence" when abs(step)>1; I think I patched it to be correct, but it's hard to understand.

def this_is_how_slicing_works(seq, start=None, stop=None, step=1):
    if start is None:
        start = (0 if step > 0 else len(seq)-1)
    elif start < 0:
        start += len(seq)
    if not 0 <= start < len(seq):  # clip if still outside bounds
        start = (0 if step > 0 else len(seq)-1)
    if stop is None:
        stop = (len(seq) if step > 0 else -1)  # really -1, not last element
    elif stop < 0:
        stop += len(seq)
    for i in range(start, stop, step):
        if 0 <= i < len(seq):
            yield seq[i]

Don't worry about the is None details - just remember that omitting start and/or stop always does the right thing to give you the whole sequence.

Normalizing negative indexes first allows start and/or stop to be counted from the end independently: 'abcde'[1:-2] == 'abcde'[1:3] == 'bc' despite range(1,-2) == []. The normalization is sometimes thought of as "modulo the length", but note it adds the length just once: e.g. 'abcde'[-53:42] is just the whole string.

Ala

The this_is_how_slicing_works is not the same as python slice. E.G. [0, 1, 2][-5:3:3] will get [0] in python, but list(this_is_how_slicing_works([0, 1, 2], -5, 3, 3)) get [1]. – Rubbery

@Rubbery Oops, you're right! A clearer case: range(4)[-200:200:3] == [0, 3] but list(this_is_how_slicing_works([0, 1, 2, 3], -200, 200, 3)) == [2]. My if 0 <= i < len(seq): was an attempt to implement "never go outside the sequence" simply but is wrong for step>1. I'll rewrite it later today (with tests). – Ala

Answer 11

I use the "an index points between elements" method of thinking about it myself, but one way of describing it which sometimes helps others get it is this:

mylist[X:Y]

X is the index of the first element you want.
Y is the index of the first element you don't want.

Beffrey

This is helpful; I had pondered why the ending index (in this case, Y of [X:Y]) was not included. i.e. Why [0:0] would not include the first index. – Serial

Answer 12

Index:
      ------------>
  0   1   2   3   4
+---+---+---+---+---+
| a | b | c | d | e |
+---+---+---+---+---+
  0  -4  -3  -2  -1
      <------------

Slice:
    <---------------|
|--------------->
:   1   2   3   4   :
+---+---+---+---+---+
| a | b | c | d | e |
+---+---+---+---+---+
:  -4  -3  -2  -1   :
|--------------->
    <---------------|

I hope this will help you to model the list in Python.

Reference: http://wiki.python.org/moin/MovingToPythonFromOtherLanguages

Spider

Answer 13

This is how I teach slices to newbies:

Understanding the difference between indexing and slicing:

Wiki Python has this amazing picture which clearly distinguishes indexing and slicing.

It is a list with six elements in it. To understand slicing better, consider that list as a set of six boxes placed together. Each box has an alphabet in it.

Indexing is like dealing with the contents of box. You can check contents of any box. But you can't check the contents of multiple boxes at once. You can even replace the contents of the box. But you can't place two balls in one box or replace two balls at a time.

In [122]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [123]: alpha
Out[123]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [124]: alpha[0]
Out[124]: 'a'

In [127]: alpha[0] = 'A'

In [128]: alpha
Out[128]: ['A', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [129]: alpha[0,1]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-129-c7eb16585371> in <module>()
----> 1 alpha[0,1]

TypeError: list indices must be integers, not tuple

Slicing is like dealing with boxes themselves. You can pick up the first box and place it on another table. To pick up the box, all you need to know is the position of beginning and ending of the box.

You can even pick up the first three boxes or the last two boxes or all boxes between 1 and 4. So, you can pick any set of boxes if you know the beginning and ending. These positions are called start and stop positions.

The interesting thing is that you can replace multiple boxes at once. Also you can place multiple boxes wherever you like.

In [130]: alpha[0:1]
Out[130]: ['A']

In [131]: alpha[0:1] = 'a'

In [132]: alpha
Out[132]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [133]: alpha[0:2] = ['A', 'B']

In [134]: alpha
Out[134]: ['A', 'B', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [135]: alpha[2:2] = ['x', 'xx']

In [136]: alpha
Out[136]: ['A', 'B', 'x', 'xx', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

Slicing With Step:

Till now you have picked boxes continuously. But sometimes you need to pick up discretely. For example, you can pick up every second box. You can even pick up every third box from the end. This value is called step size. This represents the gap between your successive pickups. The step size should be positive if You are picking boxes from the beginning to end and vice versa.

In [137]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [142]: alpha[1:5:2]
Out[142]: ['b', 'd']

In [143]: alpha[-1:-5:-2]
Out[143]: ['f', 'd']

In [144]: alpha[1:5:-2]
Out[144]: []

In [145]: alpha[-1:-5:2]
Out[145]: []

How Python Figures Out Missing Parameters:

When slicing, if you leave out any parameter, Python tries to figure it out automatically.

If you check the source code of CPython, you will find a function called PySlice_GetIndicesEx() which figures out indices to a slice for any given parameters. Here is the logical equivalent code in Python.

This function takes a Python object and optional parameters for slicing and returns the start, stop, step, and slice length for the requested slice.

def py_slice_get_indices_ex(obj, start=None, stop=None, step=None):

    length = len(obj)

    if step is None:
        step = 1
    if step == 0:
        raise Exception("Step cannot be zero.")

    if start is None:
        start = 0 if step > 0 else length - 1
    else:
        if start < 0:
            start += length
        if start < 0:
            start = 0 if step > 0 else -1
        if start >= length:
            start = length if step > 0 else length - 1

    if stop is None:
        stop = length if step > 0 else -1
    else:
        if stop < 0:
            stop += length
        if stop < 0:
            stop = 0 if step > 0 else -1
        if stop >= length:
            stop = length if step > 0 else length - 1

    if (step < 0 and stop >= start) or (step > 0 and start >= stop):
        slice_length = 0
    elif step < 0:
        slice_length = (stop - start + 1)/(step) + 1
    else:
        slice_length = (stop - start - 1)/(step) + 1

    return (start, stop, step, slice_length)

This is the intelligence that is present behind slices. Since Python has an built-in function called slice, you can pass some parameters and check how smartly it calculates missing parameters.

In [21]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']

In [22]: s = slice(None, None, None)

In [23]: s
Out[23]: slice(None, None, None)

In [24]: s.indices(len(alpha))
Out[24]: (0, 6, 1)

In [25]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[25]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

In [26]: s = slice(None, None, -1)

In [27]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[27]: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

In [28]: s = slice(None, 3, -1)

In [29]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[29]: [5, 4]

Note: This post was originally written in my blog, The Intelligence Behind Python Slices.

Maryn

At last, I found here some explanation on why the slicing parameters start and stop and error-proof. – Rodger

Answer 14

Python slicing notation:

a[start:end:step]

• For start and end, negative values are interpreted as being relative to the end of the sequence.
• Positive indices for end indicate the position after the last element to be included.
• Blank values are defaulted as follows: [+0:-0:1].
• Using a negative step reverses the interpretation of start and end

The notation extends to (numpy) matrices and multidimensional arrays. For example, to slice entire columns you can use:

m[::,0:2:] ## slice the first two columns

Slices hold references, not copies, of the array elements. If you want to make a separate copy an array, you can use deepcopy().

Mazza

Answer 15

You can also use slice assignment to remove one or more elements from a list:

r = [1, 'blah', 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
>>> r[1:4] = []
>>> r
[1, 2, 3, 4]

Visakhapatnam

Answer 16

This is just for some extra info... Consider the list below

>>> l=[12,23,345,456,67,7,945,467]

Few other tricks for reversing the list:

>>> l[len(l):-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]

>>> l[:-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]

>>> l[len(l)::-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]

>>> l[::-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]

>>> l[-1:-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]

Relativize

Answer 17

1. Slice Notation

To make it simple, remember slice has only one form：

s[start:end:step]

and here is how it works:

• s: an object that can be sliced
• start: first index to start iteration
• end: last index, NOTE that end index will not be included in the resulted slice
• step: pick element every step index

Another import thing: all start,end, step can be omitted! And if they are omitted, their default value will be used: 0,len(s),1 accordingly.

So possible variations are:

# Mostly used variations
s[start:end]
s[start:]
s[:end]

# Step-related variations
s[:end:step]
s[start::step]
s[::step]

# Make a copy
s[:]

NOTE: If start >= end (considering only when step>0), Python will return a empty slice [].

2. Pitfalls

The above part explains the core features on how slice works, and it will work on most occasions. However, there can be pitfalls you should watch out, and this part explains them.

Negative indexes

The very first thing that confuses Python learners is that an index can be negative! Don't panic: a negative index means count backwards.

For example:

s[-5:]    # Start at the 5th index from the end of array,
          # thus returning the last 5 elements.
s[:-5]    # Start at index 0, and end until the 5th index from end of array,
          # thus returning s[0:len(s)-5].

Negative step

Making things more confusing is that step can be negative too!

A negative step means iterate the array backwards: from the end to start, with the end index included, and the start index excluded from the result.

NOTE: when step is negative, the default value for start is len(s) (while end does not equal to 0, because s[::-1] contains s[0]). For example:

s[::-1]            # Reversed slice
s[len(s)::-1]      # The same as above, reversed slice
s[0:len(s):-1]     # Empty list

Out of range error?

Be surprised: slice does not raise an IndexError when the index is out of range!

If the index is out of range, Python will try its best to set the index to 0 or len(s) according to the situation. For example:

s[:len(s)+5]      # The same as s[:len(s)]
s[-len(s)-5::]    # The same as s[0:]
s[len(s)+5::-1]   # The same as s[len(s)::-1], and the same as s[::-1]

3. Examples

Let's finish this answer with examples, explaining everything we have discussed:

# Create our array for demonstration
In [1]: s = [i for i in range(10)]

In [2]: s
Out[2]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

In [3]: s[2:]   # From index 2 to last index
Out[3]: [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

In [4]: s[:8]   # From index 0 up to index 8
Out[4]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

In [5]: s[4:7]  # From index 4 (included) up to index 7(excluded)
Out[5]: [4, 5, 6]

In [6]: s[:-2]  # Up to second last index (negative index)
Out[6]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

In [7]: s[-2:]  # From second last index (negative index)
Out[7]: [8, 9]

In [8]: s[::-1] # From last to first in reverse order (negative step)
Out[8]: [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

In [9]: s[::-2] # All odd numbers in reversed order
Out[9]: [9, 7, 5, 3, 1]

In [11]: s[-2::-2] # All even numbers in reversed order
Out[11]: [8, 6, 4, 2, 0]

In [12]: s[3:15]   # End is out of range, and Python will set it to len(s).
Out[12]: [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

In [14]: s[5:1]    # Start > end; return empty list
Out[14]: []

In [15]: s[11]     # Access index 11 (greater than len(s)) will raise an IndexError
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-15-79ffc22473a3> in <module>()
----> 1 s[11]

IndexError: list index out of range

Amero

Answer 18

As a general rule, writing code with a lot of hardcoded index values leads to a readability and maintenance mess. For example, if you come back to the code a year later, you’ll look at it and wonder what you were thinking when you wrote it. The solution shown is simply a way of more clearly stating what your code is actually doing. In general, the built-in slice() creates a slice object that can be used anywhere a slice is allowed. For example:

>>> items = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> a = slice(2, 4)
>>> items[2:4]
[2, 3]
>>> items[a]
[2, 3]
>>> items[a] = [10,11]
>>> items
[0, 1, 10, 11, 4, 5, 6]
>>> del items[a]
>>> items
[0, 1, 4, 5, 6]

If you have a slice instance s, you can get more information about it by looking at its s.start, s.stop, and s.step attributes, respectively. For example:

>>> a = slice(10, 50, 2)
>>> a.start
10
>>> a.stop
50
>>> a.step
2
>>>

Dunford

Answer 19

The previous answers don't discuss multi-dimensional array slicing which is possible using the famous NumPy package:

Slicing can also be applied to multi-dimensional arrays.

# Here, a is a NumPy array

>>> a
array([[ 1,  2,  3,  4],
       [ 5,  6,  7,  8],
       [ 9, 10, 11, 12]])
>>> a[:2, 0:3:2]
array([[1, 3],
       [5, 7]])

The ":2" before the comma operates on the first dimension and the "0:3:2" after the comma operates on the second dimension.

Hoopes

Just a friendly reminder that you cannot do this on Python list but only on array in Numpy – Lafountain

Answer 20

The rules of slicing are as follows:

[lower bound : upper bound : step size]

I- Convert upper bound and lower bound into common signs.

II- Then check if the step size is a positive or a negative value.

(i) If the step size is a positive value, upper bound should be greater than lower bound, otherwise empty string is printed. For example:

s="Welcome"
s1=s[0:3:1]
print(s1)

The output:

Wel

However if we run the following code:

s="Welcome"
s1=s[3:0:1]
print(s1)

It will return an empty string.

(ii) If the step size if a negative value, upper bound should be lesser than lower bound, otherwise empty string will be printed. For example:

s="Welcome"
s1=s[3:0:-1]
print(s1)

The output:

cle

But if we run the following code:

s="Welcome"
s1=s[0:5:-1]
print(s1)

The output will be an empty string.

Thus in the code:

str = 'abcd'
l = len(str)
str2 = str[l-1:0:-1]    #str[3:0:-1] 
print(str2)
str2 = str[l-1:-1:-1]    #str[3:-1:-1]
print(str2)

In the first str2=str[l-1:0:-1], the upper bound is lesser than the lower bound, thus dcb is printed.

However in str2=str[l-1:-1:-1], the upper bound is not less than the lower bound (upon converting lower bound into negative value which is -1: since index of last element is -1 as well as 3).

Palgrave

Answer 21

In my opinion, you will understand and memorize better the Python string slicing notation if you look at it the following way (read on).

Let's work with the following string ...

azString = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"

For those who don't know, you can create any substring from azString using the notation azString[x:y]

Coming from other programming languages, that's when the common sense gets compromised. What are x and y?

I had to sit down and run several scenarios in my quest for a memorization technique that will help me remember what x and y are and help me slice strings properly at the first attempt.

My conclusion is that x and y should be seen as the boundary indexes that are surrounding the strings that we want to extra. So we should see the expression as azString[index1, index2] or even more clearer as azString[index_of_first_character, index_after_the_last_character].

Here is an example visualization of that ...

Letters   a b c d e f g h i j ...
         ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
             ┊           ┊
Indexes  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ...
             ┊           ┊
cdefgh    index1       index2

So all you have to do is setting index1 and index2 to the values that will surround the desired substring. For instance, to get the substring "cdefgh", you can use azString[2:8], because the index on the left side of "c" is 2 and the one on the right size of "h" is 8.

Remember that we are setting the boundaries. And those boundaries are the positions where you could place some brackets that will be wrapped around the substring like this ...

a b [ c d e f g h ] i j

That trick works all the time and is easy to memorize.

Onwards

Answer 22

I personally think about it like a for loop:

a[start:end:step]
# for(i = start; i < end; i += step)

Also, note that negative values for start and end are relative to the end of the list and computed in the example above by given_index + a.shape[0].

Equidistant

Answer 23

#!/usr/bin/env python

def slicegraphical(s, lista):

    if len(s) > 9:
        print """Enter a string of maximum 9 characters,
    so the printig would looki nice"""
        return 0;
    # print " ",
    print '  '+'+---' * len(s) +'+'
    print ' ',
    for letter in s:
        print '| {}'.format(letter),
    print '|'
    print " ",; print '+---' * len(s) +'+'

    print " ",
    for letter in range(len(s) +1):
        print '{}  '.format(letter),
    print ""
    for letter in range(-1*(len(s)), 0):
        print ' {}'.format(letter),
    print ''
    print ''


    for triada in lista:
        if len(triada) == 3:
            if triada[0]==None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] == None:
                # 000
                print s+'[   :   :   ]' +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
            elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] != None:
                # 001
                print s+'[   :   :{0:2d} ]'.format(triada[2], '','') +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
            elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] == None:
                # 010
                print s+'[   :{0:2d} :   ]'.format(triada[1]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
            elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] != None:
                # 011
                print s+'[   :{0:2d} :{1:2d} ]'.format(triada[1], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
            elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] == None:
                # 100
                print s+'[{0:2d} :   :   ]'.format(triada[0]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
            elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] != None:
                # 101
                print s+'[{0:2d} :   :{1:2d} ]'.format(triada[0], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
            elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] == None:
                # 110
                print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} :   ]'.format(triada[0], triada[1]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
            elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] != None:
                # 111
                print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} :{2:2d} ]'.format(triada[0], triada[1], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]

        elif len(triada) == 2:
            if triada[0] == None and triada[1] == None:
                # 00
                print s+'[   :   ]    ' + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
            elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None:
                # 01
                print s+'[   :{0:2d} ]    '.format(triada[1]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
            elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None:
                # 10
                print s+'[{0:2d} :   ]    '.format(triada[0]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
            elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None:
                # 11
                print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} ]    '.format(triada[0],triada[1]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]

        elif len(triada) == 1:
            print s+'[{0:2d} ]        '.format(triada[0]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]]


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Change "s" to what ever string you like, make it 9 characters for
    # better representation.
    s = 'COMPUTERS'

    # add to this list different lists to experement with indexes
    # to represent ex. s[::], use s[None, None,None], otherwise you get an error
    # for s[2:] use s[2:None]

    lista = [[4,7],[2,5,2],[-5,1,-1],[4],[-4,-6,-1], [2,-3,1],[2,-3,-1], [None,None,-1],[-5,None],[-5,0,-1],[-5,None,-1],[-1,1,-2]]

    slicegraphical(s, lista)

You can run this script and experiment with it, below is some samples that I got from the script.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | C | O | M | P | U | T | E | R | S |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   
 -9  -8  -7  -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1 

COMPUTERS[ 4 : 7 ]     =  UTE
COMPUTERS[ 2 : 5 : 2 ] =  MU
COMPUTERS[-5 : 1 :-1 ] =  UPM
COMPUTERS[ 4 ]         =  U
COMPUTERS[-4 :-6 :-1 ] =  TU
COMPUTERS[ 2 :-3 : 1 ] =  MPUT
COMPUTERS[ 2 :-3 :-1 ] =  
COMPUTERS[   :   :-1 ] =  SRETUPMOC
COMPUTERS[-5 :   ]     =  UTERS
COMPUTERS[-5 : 0 :-1 ] =  UPMO
COMPUTERS[-5 :   :-1 ] =  UPMOC
COMPUTERS[-1 : 1 :-2 ] =  SEUM
[Finished in 0.9s]

When using a negative step, notice that the answer is shifted to the right by 1.

Hamford

Answer 24

My brain seems happy to accept that lst[start:end] contains the start-th item. I might even say that it is a 'natural assumption'.

But occasionally a doubt creeps in and my brain asks for reassurance that it does not contain the end-th element.

In these moments I rely on this simple theorem:

for any n,    lst = lst[:n] + lst[n:]

This pretty property tells me that lst[start:end] does not contain the end-th item because it is in lst[end:].

Note that this theorem is true for any n at all. For example, you can check that

lst = range(10)
lst[:-42] + lst[-42:] == lst

returns True.

Biosphere

Answer 25

In Python, the most basic form for slicing is the following:

l[start:end]

where l is some collection, start is an inclusive index, and end is an exclusive index.

In [1]: l = list(range(10))

In [2]: l[:5] # First five elements
Out[2]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

In [3]: l[-5:] # Last five elements
Out[3]: [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

When slicing from the start, you can omit the zero index, and when slicing to the end, you can omit the final index since it is redundant, so do not be verbose:

In [5]: l[:3] == l[0:3]
Out[5]: True

In [6]: l[7:] == l[7:len(l)]
Out[6]: True

Negative integers are useful when doing offsets relative to the end of a collection:

In [7]: l[:-1] # Include all elements but the last one
Out[7]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]

In [8]: l[-3:] # Take the last three elements
Out[8]: [7, 8, 9]

It is possible to provide indices that are out of bounds when slicing such as:

In [9]: l[:20] # 20 is out of index bounds, and l[20] will raise an IndexError exception
Out[9]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

In [11]: l[-20:] # -20 is out of index bounds, and l[-20] will raise an IndexError exception
Out[11]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Keep in mind that the result of slicing a collection is a whole new collection. In addition, when using slice notation in assignments, the length of the slice assignments do not need to be the same. The values before and after the assigned slice will be kept, and the collection will shrink or grow to contain the new values:

In [16]: l[2:6] = list('abc') # Assigning fewer elements than the ones contained in the sliced collection l[2:6]

In [17]: l
Out[17]: [0, 1, 'a', 'b', 'c', 6, 7, 8, 9]

In [18]: l[2:5] = list('hello') # Assigning more elements than the ones contained in the sliced collection l [2:5]

In [19]: l
Out[19]: [0, 1, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 6, 7, 8, 9]

If you omit the start and end index, you will make a copy of the collection:

In [14]: l_copy = l[:]

In [15]: l == l_copy and l is not l_copy
Out[15]: True

If the start and end indexes are omitted when performing an assignment operation, the entire content of the collection will be replaced with a copy of what is referenced:

In [20]: l[:] = list('hello...')

In [21]: l
Out[21]: ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.', '.', '.']

Besides basic slicing, it is also possible to apply the following notation:

l[start:end:step]

where l is a collection, start is an inclusive index, end is an exclusive index, and step is a stride that can be used to take every nth item in l.

In [22]: l = list(range(10))

In [23]: l[::2] # Take the elements which indexes are even
Out[23]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

In [24]: l[1::2] # Take the elements which indexes are odd
Out[24]: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

Using step provides a useful trick to reverse a collection in Python:

In [25]: l[::-1]
Out[25]: [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

It is also possible to use negative integers for step as the following example:

In[28]:  l[::-2]
Out[28]: [9, 7, 5, 3, 1]

However, using a negative value for step could become very confusing. Moreover, in order to be Pythonic, you should avoid using start, end, and step in a single slice. In case this is required, consider doing this in two assignments (one to slice, and the other to stride).

In [29]: l = l[::2] # This step is for striding

In [30]: l
Out[30]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

In [31]: l = l[1:-1] # This step is for slicing

In [32]: l
Out[32]: [2, 4, 6]

Walrath

Answer 26

I want to add one Hello, World! example that explains the basics of slices for the very beginners. It helped me a lot.

Let's have a list with six values ['P', 'Y', 'T', 'H', 'O', 'N']:

+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | Y | T | H | O | N |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  0   1   2   3   4   5

Now the simplest slices of that list are its sublists. The notation is [<index>:<index>] and the key is to read it like this:

[ start cutting before this index : end cutting before this index ]

Now if you make a slice [2:5] of the list above, this will happen:

        |           |
+---+---|---+---+---|---+
| P | Y | T | H | O | N |
+---+---|---+---+---|---+
  0   1 | 2   3   4 | 5

You made a cut before the element with index 2 and another cut before the element with index 5. So the result will be a slice between those two cuts, a list ['T', 'H', 'O'].

Marasco

Answer 27

Most of the previous answers clears up questions about slice notation.

The extended indexing syntax used for slicing is aList[start:stop:step], and basic examples are:

:

More slicing examples: 15 Extended Slices

Tankersley

Answer 28

The below is the example of an index of a string:

 +---+---+---+---+---+
 | H | e | l | p | A |
 +---+---+---+---+---+
 0   1   2   3   4   5
-5  -4  -3  -2  -1

str="Name string"

Slicing example: [start:end:step]

str[start:end] # Items start through end-1
str[start:]    # Items start through the rest of the array
str[:end]      # Items from the beginning through end-1
str[:]         # A copy of the whole array

Below is the example usage:

print str[0] = N
print str[0:2] = Na
print str[0:7] = Name st
print str[0:7:2] = Nm t
print str[0:-1:2] = Nm ti

Lodhia

Answer 29

The important idea to remember about indices of a sequence is that

• nonnegative indices begin at the first item in the sequence;
• negative indices begin at the last item in the sequence (so only apply to finite sequences).

In other words, negative indices are shifted right by the length of the sequence:

              0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   ...
            -------------------------
            | a | b | c | d | e | f |
            -------------------------
...  -8  -7  -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1

With that in mind, subscription and slicing are straightforward.

Subscription

Subscription uses the following syntax:*

sequence[index]

Subscription selects a single item in the sequence at index:

>>> 'abcdef'[0]
'a'
>>> 'abcdef'[-6]
'a'

Subscription raises an IndexError if index is out of range:

>>> 'abcdef'[7]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range
>>> 'abcdef'[-7]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range

Slicing

Slicing uses the following syntax:**

sequence[start:stop:step]

Slicing selects a range of items in the sequence, beginning at start inclusive and ending at stop exclusive:

>>> 'abcdef'[0:2:1]
'ab'
>>> 'abcdef'[0:-4:1]
'ab'
>>> 'abcdef'[-6:-4:1]
'ab'
>>> 'abcdef'[-6:2:1]
'ab'
>>> 'abcdef'[1:-7:-1]
'ba'
>>> 'abcdef'[-5:-7:-1]
'ba'

Slicing defaults to the fullest range of items in the sequence, so it uses the following default values if start, stop, or step is omitted or None:***

• step defaults to 1;
• if step is positive
  • start defaults to 0 (first item index),
  • stop defaults to start + len(sequence) (last item index plus one);
• if step is negative
  • start defaults to -1 (last item index),
  • stop defaults to start - len(sequence) (first item index minus one).

>>> 'abcdef'[0:6:1]
'abcdef'
>>> 'abcdef'[::]
'abcdef'
>>> 'abcdef'[-1:-7:-1]
'fedcba'
>>> 'abcdef'[::-1]
'fedcba'

Slicing raises a ValueError if step is 0:

>>> 'abcdef'[::0]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: slice step cannot be zero

Slicing does not raise an IndexError if start or stop is out of range (contrary to subscription):

>>> 'abcdef'[-7:7]
'abcdef'

---

* The expressions sequence[index] and sequence.__getitem__(index) are equivalent.

** The expressions sequence[start:stop:step], sequence[slice(start, stop, step)], and sequence.__getitem__(slice(start, stop, step)) are equivalent, where the built-in class slice instance packs start, stop, and step.

*** The expressions sequence[:], sequence[::], and sequence[None:None:None] use default values for start, stop, and step.

Labionasal

Answer 30

If you feel negative indices in slicing is confusing, here's a very easy way to think about it: just replace the negative index with len - index. So for example, replace -3 with len(list) - 3.

The best way to illustrate what slicing does internally is just show it in code that implements this operation:

def slice(list, start = None, end = None, step = 1):
  # Take care of missing start/end parameters
  start = 0 if start is None else start
  end = len(list) if end is None else end

  # Take care of negative start/end parameters
  start = len(list) + start if start < 0 else start
  end = len(list) + end if end < 0 else end

  # Now just execute a for-loop with start, end and step
  return [list[i] for i in range(start, end, step)]

Neusatz

Answer 31

I don't think that the Python tutorial diagram (cited in various other answers) is good as this suggestion works for positive stride, but does not for a negative stride.

This is the diagram:

 +---+---+---+---+---+---+
 | P | y | t | h | o | n |
 +---+---+---+---+---+---+
 0   1   2   3   4   5   6
-6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1

From the diagram, I expect a[-4,-6,-1] to be yP but it is ty.

>>> a = "Python"
>>> a[2:4:1] # as expected
'th'
>>> a[-4:-6:-1] # off by 1
'ty'

What always work is to think in characters or slots and use indexing as a half-open interval -- right-open if positive stride, left-open if negative stride.

This way, I can think of a[-4:-6:-1] as a(-6,-4] in interval terminology.

 +---+---+---+---+---+---+
 | P | y | t | h | o | n |
 +---+---+---+---+---+---+
   0   1   2   3   4   5  
  -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1

 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
 | P | y | t | h | o | n | P | y | t | h | o | n |
 +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1   0   1   2   3   4   5  

Adda

Used today 2021/07/19 by myself, qué capo aguadopd del pasado – Adda

As a newbie, this is an interesting way of thinking about it. However, the last example, counting from -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is a bit misleading because the string is NOT doubled like that. Furthermore, one can refer to the positive and negate positions like the following: a[-4:-6:-1] is the same as a[-4:0:-1] since the 0th position is the same as the -6th position. So I would just delete/ignore that example. – Fromm

Answer 32

The basic slicing technique is to define the starting point, the stopping point, and the step size—also known as stride.

First, we will create a list of values to use in our slicing.

Create two lists to slice. The first is a numeric list from 1 to 9 (List A). The second is also a numeric list, from 0 to 9 (List B):

A = list(range(1, 10, 1)) # Start, stop, and step
B = list(range(9))

print("This is List A:", A)
print("This is List B:", B)

Index the number 3 from A and the number 6 from B.

print(A[2])
print(B[6])

Basic Slicing

Extended indexing syntax used for slicing is aList[start:stop:step]. The start argument and the step argument both default to None—the only required argument is stop. Did you notice this is similar to how range was used to define lists A and B? This is because the slice object represents the set of indices specified by range(start, stop, step).

As you can see, defining only stop returns one element. Since the start defaults to none, this translates into retrieving only one element.

It is important to note, the first element is index 0, not index 1. This is why we are using 2 lists for this exercise. List A's elements are numbered according to the ordinal position (the first element is 1, the second element is 2, etc.) while List B's elements are the numbers that would be used to index them ([0] for the first element, 0, etc.).

With extended indexing syntax, we retrieve a range of values. For example, all values are retrieved with a colon.

A[:]

To retrieve a subset of elements, the start and stop positions need to be defined.

Given the pattern aList[start:stop], retrieve the first two elements from List A.

Elude

Answer 33

For simple way and simple understandable:

In Python, the slice notation a[start:stop:step] can be used to select a range of elements from a sequence (such as a list, tuple, or string).

The start index is the first element that is included in the slice,

The stop index is the first element that is excluded from the slice, and last one

The step value is the number of indices between slice elements.

For example, consider the following list:

a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

If we want to select all elements of a, we can use the slice notation a[:]:

>>> a[:]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

If we want to select all elements of a, but skip every other element, we can use the slice notation a[::2]:

>>> a[::2]
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

If we want to select all elements from the third element (index 2) to the seventh element (index 6), we can use the slice notation a[2:7]:

>>> a[2:7]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

If we want to select all elements from the third element (index 2) to the seventh element (index 6), but skip every other element, we can use the slice notation a[2:7:2]:

>>> a[2:7:2]
[2, 4, 6]

If we want to select all elements from the third element (index 2) to the end of the list, we can use the slice notation a[2:]:

>>> a[2:]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

If we want to select all elements from the beginning of the list to the seventh element (index 6), we can use the slice notation a[:7]:

>>> a[:7]
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

If you want to learn more about slice notation, you can refer to the official Python documentation: Link 1 Link 2

Ible

Answer 34

I got a little frustrated in not finding an online source, or Python documentation that describes precisely what slicing does.

I took Aaron Hall's suggestion, read the relevant parts of the CPython source code, and wrote some Python code that performs slicing similarly to how it's done in CPython. I've tested my code in Python 3 on millions of random tests on integer lists.

You may find the references in my code to the relevant functions in CPython helpful.

def slicer(x, start=None, stop=None, step=None):
    """ Return the result of slicing list x.  

    See the part of list_subscript() in listobject.c that pertains 
    to when the indexing item is a PySliceObject.
    """

    # Handle slicing index values of None, and a step value of 0.
    # See PySlice_Unpack() in sliceobject.c, which
    # extracts start, stop, step from a PySliceObject.
    maxint = 10000000       # A hack to simulate PY_SSIZE_T_MAX
    if step is None:
        step = 1
    elif step == 0:
        raise ValueError('slice step cannot be zero')

    if start is None:
        start = maxint if step < 0 else 0
    if stop is None:
        stop = -maxint if step < 0 else maxint

    # Handle negative slice indexes and bad slice indexes.
    # Compute number of elements in the slice as slice_length.
    # See PySlice_AdjustIndices() in sliceobject.c
    length = len(x)
    slice_length = 0

    if start < 0:
        start += length
        if start < 0:
            start = -1 if step < 0 else 0
    elif start >= length:
        start = length - 1 if step < 0 else length

    if stop < 0:
        stop += length
        if stop < 0:
            stop = -1 if step < 0 else 0
    elif stop > length:
        stop = length - 1 if step < 0 else length

    if step < 0:
        if stop < start:
            slice_length = (start - stop - 1) // (-step) + 1
    else:
        if start < stop:
            slice_length = (stop - start - 1) // step + 1

    # Cases of step = 1 and step != 1 are treated separately
    if slice_length <= 0:
        return []
    elif step == 1:
        # See list_slice() in listobject.c
        result = []
        for i in range(stop - start):
            result.append(x[i+start])
        return result
    else:
        result = []
        cur = start
        for i in range(slice_length):
            result.append(x[cur])
            cur += step
        return result

Siliceous

I read all the relevant documents and found that there was no description of this syntax. I doubted my ability and felt relieved after seeing this answer. Maybe there was none. – Stint

Answer 35

It is easy to understand if we could relate slicing to range, which gives the indexes. We can categorize slicing into the following two categories:

---

1. No step or step > 0. For example, [i:j] or [i:j:k] (k>0)

Suppose the sequence is s=[1,2,3,4,5].

• if 0<i<len(s) and 0<j<len(s), then [i:j:k] -> range(i,j,k)

For example, [0:3:2] -> range(0,3,2) -> 0, 2

• if i>len(s) or j>len(s), then i=len(s) or j=len(s)

For example, [0:100:2] -> range(0,len(s),2) -> range(0,5,2) -> 0, 2, 4

• if i<0 or j<0, then i=max(0,len(s)+i) or j=max(0,len(s)+j)

For example, [0:-3:2] -> range(0,len(s)-3,2) -> range(0,2,2) -> 0

For another example, [0:-1:2] -> range(0,len(s)-1,2) -> range(0,4,2) -> 0, 2

• if i is not specified, then i=0

For example, [:4:2] -> range(0,4,2) -> range(0,4,2) -> 0, 2

• if j is not specified, then j=len(s)

For example, [0::2] -> range(0,len(s),2) -> range(0,5,2) -> 0, 2, 4

---

2. Step < 0. For example, [i:j:k] (k<0)

Suppose the sequence is s=[1,2,3,4,5].

• if 0<i<len(s) and 0<j<len(s), then [i:j:k] -> range(i,j,k)

For example, [5:0:-2] -> range(5,0,-2) -> 5, 3, 1

• if i>len(s) or j>len(s), then i=len(s)-1 or j=len(s)-1

For example, [100:0:-2] -> range(len(s)-1,0,-2) -> range(4,0,-2) -> 4, 2

• if i<0 or j<0, then i=max(-1,len(s)+i) or j=max(-1,len(s)+j)

For example, [-2:-10:-2] -> range(len(s)-2,-1,-2) -> range(3,-1,-2) -> 3, 1

• if i is not specified, then i=len(s)-1

For example, [:0:-2] -> range(len(s)-1,0,-2) -> range(4,0,-2) -> 4, 2

• if j is not specified, then j=-1

For example, [2::-2] -> range(2,-1,-2) -> 2, 0

For another example, [::-1] -> range(len(s)-1,-1,-1) -> range(4,-1,-1) -> 4, 3, 2, 1, 0

---

In summary

Tolkan

Answer 36

There are lots of answers already, but I wanted to add a performance comparison:

python3.8 -m timeit -s 'fun = "this is fun;slicer = slice(0, 3)"' "fun_slice = fun[slicer]"
10000000 loops, best of 5: 29.8 nsec per loop

python3.8 -m timeit -s 'fun = "this is fun"' "fun_slice = fun[0:3]"
10000000 loops, best of 5: 37.9 nsec per loop

python3.8 -m timeit -s 'fun = "this is fun"' "fun_slice = fun[slice(0, 3)]"
5000000 loops, best of 5: 68.7 nsec per loop

python3.8 -m timeit -s 'fun = "this is fun"' "slicer = slice(0, 3)"
5000000 loops, best of 5: 42.8 nsec per loop

So, if you are using the same slice repeatedly, it would be beneficial and improve readability to use a slice object. However, if you are slicing only a handful of times, the [:] notation should be preferred.

Fibril

Answer 37

You can use slice syntax to return a sequence of characters.

Specify a start and end index, separated by colons, to return part of the string.

Example:

Get the characters from position 2 to position 5 (not included):

b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:5])

Slice From the Start

By omitting the starting index, the range will start from the first character:

Example:

Get the characters from the start to position 5 (not included):

b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[:5])

Slice To the End

By omitting the end index, the range will end:

Example:

Get the characters from position 2, and all the way to the end:

b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[2:])

Negative Indexing

Use a negative index to start slicing from the end of the string: example.

Get the characters:

From: "o" in "World!" (position -5)

To, but not included: "d" in "World!" (position -2):

b = "Hello, World!"
print(b[-5:-2])

Courier

Answer 38

Here's a simple mnemonic for remembering how it works:

• S L *I* C *E*
• the 'i' of slice comes first and stands for inclusive,
• the 'e' comes last and stands for exclusive.

So array[j:k] will include the jth element and exclude the kth element.

Biosphere

You forgot the step like [j:k:s]. And slicing wraps around the list – Perfumery

But for the case I cover, array[j:k], I believe my mnemonic is correct and helpful. I don't believe it is wrong in any way. Please reconsider your downvote. – Biosphere

Your answer is incomplete, though, as it doesn't completely answer about different ways to slice. Other answers given already specify the inclusive/exclusive details – Perfumery