Your answer to your own question helped me solve mine. So, I figured I'd help you and others by contributing a bit further :)
Seeing your code in the question leads me to believe you want to change more than just the background color of the Listbox. I've played around with this a bit, and I'm sure there are some other options available, but this allows you to update the Combobox entry field background and text colors, as well as the Listbox field background and text colors.
I've included an example picture of a Combobox/Listbox from an app I've written using the code below (adapted for this response).
Hope this helps you and any future travelers!
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk
# variables created for colors
ebg = '#404040'
fg = '#FFFFFF'
root = tk.Tk()
style = ttk.Style()
# Note the code line below.
# Be sure to include this or style.map() won't function as expected.
style.theme_use('alt')
# the following alters the Listbox
root.option_add('*TCombobox*Listbox*Background', ebg)
root.option_add('*TCombobox*Listbox*Foreground', fg)
root.option_add('*TCombobox*Listbox*selectBackground', fg)
root.option_add('*TCombobox*Listbox*selectForeground', ebg)
# the following alters the Combobox entry field
style.map('TCombobox', fieldbackground=[('readonly', ebg)])
style.map('TCombobox', selectbackground=[('readonly', ebg)])
style.map('TCombobox', selectforeground=[('readonly', fg)])
style.map('TCombobox', background=[('readonly', ebg)])
style.map('TCombobox', foreground=[('readonly', fg)])
ttk::combobox edit
ttk::style map TCombobox -background `
option add TComboboxListbox.background color`option add *TCombobox*Listbox.foreground color
option add *TCombobox*Listbox.selectBackground color
option add *TCombobox*Listbox.selectForeground color
– Lilleyttk
widgets, and people say that they are customisable, well, in my opinion, they are a waste of time. – Invocation