!!! Edited
@Jan Van den bosch is right (see comments below). This question is not about transformations at all. In case someone else was fooled, I've left my misguided answer below.
!!! Original Answer (incorrect)
TL;DR: The difference is between spark "actions" vs. "transformations": https://spark.apache.org/docs/2.2.0/rdd-programming-guide.html#rdd-operations
Notice, that all the things you listed with an asynchronous option are spark "actions", which means they will start processing the data right away and attempt to return synchronously. It may take a long time if there's a lot of data, so it's nice to have an asynchronous option.
Meanwhile, the operations you listed without an asynchronous option are spark "transformations" which are lazily evaluated, which means it instantly creates a plan to do the work, but it won't actually process any data until you apply an "action" later to return results.
Meanwhile, do you have specific code or a problem you're trying to solve with this?
fold
since it's more general and you could use it to create an asynchronousreduce
orcount
. – Tracheostomy