What are all possible POS tags of NLTK?

L

9

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How do I find a list with all possible POS tags used by the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)?

Launalaunce answered 13/3, 2013 at 14:59 Comment(0)

T

176

The book has a note how to find help on tag sets, e.g.:

nltk.help.upenn_tagset()

Others are probably similar. (Note: Maybe you first have to download tagsets from the download helper's Models section for this)

Tefillin answered 13/3, 2013 at 15:12 Comment(3)

Now I'm curious: what is so mysterious about this? I have never really used NLTK, and finding that answer took me five minutes of googling and searching... Is it really that hidden? – Tefillin 23/6, 2015 at 16:47

I think it is not the question of how hidden, this also came up for me just trying to tag a single sentence, because I'm searching for the reason why does nltk tag my verbs as nouns and I didn't know how different tagsets can be used. This was helpful for this too, thanks! – Faris 4/7, 2015 at 10:38

@Tefillin if others are like me, I had wrong expectations. I expected a lookup table/list/map, mapping the pos acronyms like RB to their meaning like adverb. (Here is an example; or see @Suzana's answer, which links the Penn Treebank Tag Set). But you're right, the builtin nltk.help.upenn_tagset('RB')is helpful, and mentioned early in the nltk book, – Aver 28/1, 2020 at 1:15

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To save some folks some time, here is a list I extracted from a small corpus. I do not know if it is complete, but it should have most (if not all) of the help definitions from upenn_tagset...

CC: conjunction, coordinating

& 'n and both but either et for less minus neither nor or plus so
therefore times v. versus vs. whether yet

CD: numeral, cardinal

mid-1890 nine-thirty forty-two one-tenth ten million 0.5 one forty-
seven 1987 twenty '79 zero two 78-degrees eighty-four IX '60s .025
fifteen 271,124 dozen quintillion DM2,000 ...

DT: determiner

all an another any both del each either every half la many much nary
neither no some such that the them these this those

EX: existential there

there

IN: preposition or conjunction, subordinating

astride among upon whether out inside pro despite on by throughout
below within for towards near behind atop around if like until below
next into if beside ...

JJ: adjective or numeral, ordinal

third ill-mannered pre-war regrettable oiled calamitous first separable
ectoplasmic battery-powered participatory fourth still-to-be-named
multilingual multi-disciplinary ...

JJR: adjective, comparative

bleaker braver breezier briefer brighter brisker broader bumper busier
calmer cheaper choosier cleaner clearer closer colder commoner costlier
cozier creamier crunchier cuter ...

JJS: adjective, superlative

calmest cheapest choicest classiest cleanest clearest closest commonest
corniest costliest crassest creepiest crudest cutest darkest deadliest
dearest deepest densest dinkiest ...

LS: list item marker

A A. B B. C C. D E F First G H I J K One SP-44001 SP-44002 SP-44005
SP-44007 Second Third Three Two * a b c d first five four one six three
two

MD: modal auxiliary

can cannot could couldn't dare may might must need ought shall should
shouldn't will would

NN: noun, common, singular or mass

common-carrier cabbage knuckle-duster Casino afghan shed thermostat
investment slide humour falloff slick wind hyena override subhumanity
machinist ...

NNP: noun, proper, singular

Motown Venneboerger Czestochwa Ranzer Conchita Trumplane Christos
Oceanside Escobar Kreisler Sawyer Cougar Yvette Ervin ODI Darryl CTCA
Shannon A.K.C. Meltex Liverpool ...

NNS: noun, common, plural

undergraduates scotches bric-a-brac products bodyguards facets coasts
divestitures storehouses designs clubs fragrances averages
subjectivists apprehensions muses factory-jobs ...

PDT: pre-determiner

all both half many quite such sure this

POS: genitive marker

' 's

PRP: pronoun, personal

hers herself him himself hisself it itself me myself one oneself ours
ourselves ownself self she thee theirs them themselves they thou thy us

PRP$: pronoun, possessive

her his mine my our ours their thy your

RB: adverb

occasionally unabatingly maddeningly adventurously professedly
stirringly prominently technologically magisterially predominately
swiftly fiscally pitilessly ...

RBR: adverb, comparative

further gloomier grander graver greater grimmer harder harsher
healthier heavier higher however larger later leaner lengthier less-
perfectly lesser lonelier longer louder lower more ...

RBS: adverb, superlative

best biggest bluntest earliest farthest first furthest hardest
heartiest highest largest least less most nearest second tightest worst

RP: particle

aboard about across along apart around aside at away back before behind
by crop down ever fast for forth from go high i.e. in into just later
low more off on open out over per pie raising start teeth that through
under unto up up-pp upon whole with you

TO: "to" as preposition or infinitive marker

to

UH: interjection

Goodbye Goody Gosh Wow Jeepers Jee-sus Hubba Hey Kee-reist Oops amen
huh howdy uh dammit whammo shucks heck anyways whodunnit honey golly
man baby diddle hush sonuvabitch ...

VB: verb, base form

ask assemble assess assign assume atone attention avoid bake balkanize
bank begin behold believe bend benefit bevel beware bless boil bomb
boost brace break bring broil brush build ...

VBD: verb, past tense

dipped pleaded swiped regummed soaked tidied convened halted registered
cushioned exacted snubbed strode aimed adopted belied figgered
speculated wore appreciated contemplated ...

VBG: verb, present participle or gerund

telegraphing stirring focusing angering judging stalling lactating
hankerin' alleging veering capping approaching traveling besieging
encrypting interrupting erasing wincing ...

VBN: verb, past participle

multihulled dilapidated aerosolized chaired languished panelized used
experimented flourished imitated reunifed factored condensed sheared
unsettled primed dubbed desired ...

VBP: verb, present tense, not 3rd person singular

predominate wrap resort sue twist spill cure lengthen brush terminate
appear tend stray glisten obtain comprise detest tease attract
emphasize mold postpone sever return wag ...

VBZ: verb, present tense, 3rd person singular

bases reconstructs marks mixes displeases seals carps weaves snatches
slumps stretches authorizes smolders pictures emerges stockpiles
seduces fizzes uses bolsters slaps speaks pleads ...

WDT: WH-determiner

that what whatever which whichever

WP: WH-pronoun

that what whatever whatsoever which who whom whosoever

WRB: Wh-adverb

how however whence whenever where whereby whereever wherein whereof why

Nora answered 8/7, 2016 at 10:22 Comment(4)

@PALEN what is missing? – Nora 3/7, 2017 at 23:52

Missing: $, '', (, ), ,, --, ., :, FW, NNPS, SYM, WP$, [two backticks]. See nltk.help.upenn_tagset(). – Witchhunt 22/11, 2017 at 20:32

Thanks! This should have been chosen answer as this is much more comprehensive than just answering with, essentially, type something in your console to find out. – Romy 24/5, 2018 at 2:29

Also there is a list here: ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2003/ling001/penn_treebank_pos.html – Joyless 26/4, 2022 at 20:29

T

176

The book has a note how to find help on tag sets, e.g.:

nltk.help.upenn_tagset()

Others are probably similar. (Note: Maybe you first have to download tagsets from the download helper's Models section for this)

Tefillin answered 13/3, 2013 at 15:12 Comment(3)

Now I'm curious: what is so mysterious about this? I have never really used NLTK, and finding that answer took me five minutes of googling and searching... Is it really that hidden? – Tefillin 23/6, 2015 at 16:47

I think it is not the question of how hidden, this also came up for me just trying to tag a single sentence, because I'm searching for the reason why does nltk tag my verbs as nouns and I didn't know how different tagsets can be used. This was helpful for this too, thanks! – Faris 4/7, 2015 at 10:38

@Tefillin if others are like me, I had wrong expectations. I expected a lookup table/list/map, mapping the pos acronyms like RB to their meaning like adverb. (Here is an example; or see @Suzana's answer, which links the Penn Treebank Tag Set). But you're right, the builtin nltk.help.upenn_tagset('RB')is helpful, and mentioned early in the nltk book, – Aver 28/1, 2020 at 1:15

P

72

The tag set depends on the corpus that was used to train the tagger. The default tagger of nltk.pos_tag() uses the Penn Treebank Tag Set.

In NLTK 2, you could check which tagger is the default tagger as follows:

import nltk
nltk.tag._POS_TAGGER
>>> 'taggers/maxent_treebank_pos_tagger/english.pickle'

That means that it's a Maximum Entropy tagger trained on the Treebank corpus.

nltk.tag._POS_TAGGER does not exist anymore in NLTK 3 but the documentation states that the off-the-shelf tagger still uses the Penn Treebank tagset.

Polemist answered 13/3, 2013 at 15:33 Comment(3)

Thank you, imo this is a much more useful answer than the accepted one. – Arbalest 9/5, 2014 at 3:38

This is an incomplete answer. Firstly, nltk.tag._POS_TAGGER doesn't execute and no specific instructions are provided about what to import. Also, finding out the tagger being used is half of the answer, the question is asking to get a list of all possible tags within the tagger – Sassoon 16/3, 2016 at 13:51

It's the corpus and not the tagger that determines the tag set. As soon as you know the corpus name, the complete tag set is only a Google search away. – Polemist 16/3, 2016 at 17:1

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45

The below can be useful to access a dict keyed by abbreviations:

>>> from nltk.data import load
>>> tagdict = load('help/tagsets/upenn_tagset.pickle')
>>> tagdict['NN'][0]
'noun, common, singular or mass'
>>> tagdict.keys()
['PRP$', 'VBG', 'VBD', '``', 'VBN', ',', "''", 'VBP', 'WDT', ...

Yonah answered 1/9, 2015 at 16:46 Comment(3)

I prefer this approach than the accepted solution, because it's simpler and enumerates the possible values clearly – Sassoon 27/4, 2016 at 22:29

How are we sure that this is the tagset used by the tagger employed ? Afaik nltk can use several taggers. – Jamajamaal 14/10, 2016 at 14:6

Agree with Hamman, this way has the added bonus of allowing you to look up the meanings programatically – Frulla 10/3, 2017 at 23:48

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41

The reference is available at the official site

Copy and pasting from there:

CC | Coordinating conjunction |
CD | Cardinal number |
DT | Determiner |
EX | Existential there |
FW | Foreign word |
IN | Preposition or subordinating conjunction |
JJ | Adjective |
JJR | Adjective, comparative |
JJS | Adjective, superlative |
LS | List item marker |
MD | Modal |
NN | Noun, singular or mass |
NNS | Noun, plural |
NNP | Proper noun, singular |
NNPS | Proper noun, plural |
PDT | Predeterminer |
POS | Possessive ending |
PRP | Personal pronoun |
PRP$ | Possessive pronoun |
RB | Adverb |
RBR | Adverb, comparative |
RBS | Adverb, superlative |
RP | Particle |
SYM | Symbol |
TO | to |
UH | Interjection |
VB | Verb, base form |
VBD | Verb, past tense |
VBG | Verb, gerund or present participle |
VBN | Verb, past participle |
VBP | Verb, non-3rd person singular present |
VBZ | Verb, 3rd person singular present |
WDT | Wh-determiner |
WP | Wh-pronoun |
WP$ | Possessive wh-pronoun |
WRB | Wh-adverb |

Transport answered 14/12, 2016 at 18:53 Comment(0)

W

3

['LS', 'TO', 'VBN', "''", 'WP', 'UH', 'VBG', 'JJ', 'VBZ', '--', 'VBP', 'NN', 'DT', 'PRP', ':', 'WP$', 'NNPS', 'PRP$', 'WDT', '(', ')', '.', ',', '``', '$', 'RB', 'RBR', 'RBS', 'VBD', 'IN', 'FW', 'RP', 'JJR', 'JJS', 'PDT', 'MD', 'VB', 'WRB', 'NNP', 'EX', 'NNS', 'SYM', 'CC', 'CD', 'POS']

Based on Doug Shore's method but make it more copy-paste friendly

Worcester answered 20/2, 2020 at 4:28 Comment(2)

I accept this as a convenience contribution. I considered improving formatting, but that might go against the purpose of this post. Please you consider editing and using code formatting in combination with newlines to get both, nice formatting AND copy-paste-friendliness. stackoverflow.com/editing-help – Soekarno 20/2, 2020 at 7:49

I considered doing this, but I think it would make it less convenient. – Margarettmargaretta 3/6, 2020 at 1:1

B

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You can download the list here: ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/treebank/doc/tagguide.ps.gz. It includes confusing parts of speech, capitalization, and other conventions. Also, wikipedia has an interesting section similar to this. Section: Part-of-speech tags used.

Braca answered 28/9, 2017 at 19:28 Comment(0)

K

1

Just run this verbatim.

import nltk
nltk.download('tagsets')
nltk.help.upenn_tagset()

nltk.tag._POS_TAGGER won't work. It will give AttributeError: module 'nltk.tag' has no attribute '_POS_TAGGER'. It's not available in NLTK 3 anymore.

Kassandra answered 16/1, 2020 at 19:0 Comment(0)

M

0

Run the below code in Python to get information about all POS tags.

import nltk
nltk.help.upenn_tagset()

Matutinal answered 26/7, 2021 at 20:14 Comment(1)

How different is the chosen answer? – Socinus 26/7, 2021 at 20:19

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