This is an extremely common problem when dealing with categorical data. There are differing opinions on how to best handle this.
One possible approach is to apply a function to categorical features that limits the set of possible options. For example, if your feature contained the letters of the alphabet, you could encode features for A, B, C, D, and 'Other/Unknown'. In this way, you could apply the same function at test time and abstract from the issue. A clear downside, of course, is that by reducing the feature space you may lose meaningful information.
Another approach is to build a model on your training data, with whichever dummies are naturally created, and treat that as the baseline for your model. When you predict with the model at test time, you transform your test data in the same way your training data is transformed. For example, if your training set had the letters of the alphabet in a feature, and the same feature in the test set contained a value of 'AA', you would ignore that in making a prediction. This is the reverse of your current situation, but the premise is the same. You need to create the missing features on the fly. This approach also has downsides, of course.
The second approach is what you mention in your question, so I'll go through it with pandas.
By using get_dummies you're encoding the categorical features into multiple one-hot encoded features. What you could do is force your test data to match your training data by using reindex, like this:
test_encoded = pd.get_dummies(test_data, columns=['your columns'])
test_encoded_for_model = test_encoded.reindex(columns = training_encoded.columns,
fill_value=0)
This will encode the test data in the same way as your training data, filling in 0 for dummy features that weren't created by encoding the test data but were created in during the training process.
You could just wrap this into a function, and apply it to your test data on the fly. You don't need the encoded training data in memory (which I access with training_encoded.columns) if you create an array or list of the column names.
