How can I prevent SQL injection in PHP?

Question

If user input is inserted without modification into an SQL query, then the application becomes vulnerable to SQL injection, like in the following example:

$unsafe_variable = $_POST['user_input']; 

mysql_query("INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES ('$unsafe_variable')");

That's because the user can input something like value'); DROP TABLE table;--, and the query becomes:

INSERT INTO `table` (`column`) VALUES('value'); DROP TABLE table;--')

What can be done to prevent this from happening?

Clouet

Answer 1

The correct way to avoid SQL injection attacks, no matter which database you use, is to separate the data from SQL, so that data stays data and will never be interpreted as commands by the SQL parser. It is possible to create an SQL statement with correctly formatted data parts, but if you don't fully understand the details, you should always use prepared statements and parameterized queries. These are SQL statements that are sent to and parsed by the database server separately from any parameters. This way it is impossible for an attacker to inject malicious SQL.

You basically have two options to achieve this:

1. Using PDO (for any supported database driver):

   $stmt = $pdo->prepare('SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = :name');
   $stmt->execute([ 'name' => $name ]);
   
   foreach ($stmt as $row) {
       // Do something with $row
   }
   

2. Using MySQLi (for MySQL):
   Since PHP 8.2+ we can make use of execute_query() which prepares, binds parameters, and executes SQL statement in one method:

   $result = $db->execute_query('SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = ?', [$name]);
    while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
        // Do something with $row
    }
   

   Up to PHP8.1:

    $stmt = $db->prepare('SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = ?');
    $stmt->bind_param('s', $name); // 's' specifies the variable type => 'string'
    $stmt->execute();
    $result = $stmt->get_result();
    while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
        // Do something with $row
    }
   

If you're connecting to a database other than MySQL, there is a driver-specific second option that you can refer to (for example, pg_prepare() and pg_execute() for PostgreSQL). PDO is the universal option.

---

Correctly setting up the connection

PDO

Note that when using PDO to access a MySQL database real prepared statements are not used by default. To fix this you have to disable the emulation of prepared statements. An example of creating a connection using PDO is:

$dbConnection = new PDO('mysql:dbname=dbtest;host=127.0.0.1;charset=utf8mb4', 'user', 'password');

$dbConnection->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);
$dbConnection->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);

In the above example, the error mode isn't strictly necessary, but it is advised to add it. This way PDO will inform you of all MySQL errors by means of throwing the PDOException.

What is mandatory, however, is the first setAttribute() line, which tells PDO to disable emulated prepared statements and use real prepared statements. This makes sure the statement and the values aren't parsed by PHP before sending it to the MySQL server (giving a possible attacker no chance to inject malicious SQL).

Although you can set the charset in the options of the constructor, it's important to note that 'older' versions of PHP (before 5.3.6) silently ignored the charset parameter in the DSN.

Mysqli

For mysqli we have to follow the same routine:

mysqli_report(MYSQLI_REPORT_ERROR | MYSQLI_REPORT_STRICT); // error reporting
$dbConnection = new mysqli('127.0.0.1', 'username', 'password', 'test');
$dbConnection->set_charset('utf8mb4'); // charset

---

Explanation

The SQL statement you pass to prepare is parsed and compiled by the database server. By specifying parameters (either a ? or a named parameter like :name in the example above) you tell the database engine where you want to filter on. Then when you call execute, the prepared statement is combined with the parameter values you specify.

The important thing here is that the parameter values are combined with the compiled statement, not an SQL string. SQL injection works by tricking the script into including malicious strings when it creates SQL to send to the database. So by sending the actual SQL separately from the parameters, you limit the risk of ending up with something you didn't intend.

Any parameters you send when using a prepared statement will just be treated as strings (although the database engine may do some optimization so parameters may end up as numbers too, of course). In the example above, if the $name variable contains 'Sarah'; DELETE FROM employees the result would simply be a search for the string "'Sarah'; DELETE FROM employees", and you will not end up with an empty table.

Another benefit of using prepared statements is that if you execute the same statement many times in the same session it will only be parsed and compiled once, giving you some speed gains.

Oh, and since you asked about how to do it for an insert, here's an example (using PDO):

$preparedStatement = $db->prepare('INSERT INTO table (column) VALUES (:column)');

$preparedStatement->execute([ 'column' => $unsafeValue ]);

---

Can prepared statements be used for dynamic queries?

While you can still use prepared statements for the query parameters, the structure of the dynamic query itself cannot be parametrized and certain query features cannot be parametrized.

For these specific scenarios, the best thing to do is use a whitelist filter that restricts the possible values.

// Value whitelist
// $dir can only be 'DESC', otherwise it will be 'ASC'
if (empty($dir) || $dir !== 'DESC') {
   $dir = 'ASC';
}

Slav

Also, the official documentation of mysql_query only allows to execute one query, so any other query besides ; is ignored. Even if this is already deprecated there are a lot of systems under PHP 5.5.0 and that may use this function. php.net/manual/en/function.mysql-query.php – Biscay

This is a bad habit but is a post-problem solution : Not only for SQL injection but for any type of injections (for example there was a view template injection hole in F3 framework v2) if you have a ready old website or app is suffering from injection defects , one solution is to reassign the values of your supperglobal predefined vars like $_POST with escaped values at bootstrap. By PDO, still it is possible to escape (also for today frameworks) : substr($pdo->quote($str, \PDO::PARAM_STR), 1, -1) – Taft

This answer lacks the explanation of what is a prepared statement - one thing - it's a performance hit if you use a lot of prepared statements during your request and sometimes it accounts for 10x performance hit. Better case would be use PDO with parameter binding off, but statement preparation off. – Demibastion

Answer 2

To use the parameterized query, you need to use either Mysqli or PDO. To rewrite your example with mysqli, we would need something like the following.

<?php
mysqli_report(MYSQLI_REPORT_ERROR | MYSQLI_REPORT_STRICT);
$mysqli = new mysqli("server", "username", "password", "database_name");

$variable = $_POST["user-input"];
$stmt = $mysqli->prepare("INSERT INTO table (column) VALUES (?)");
// "s" means the database expects a string
$stmt->bind_param("s", $variable);
$stmt->execute();

The key function you'll want to read up on there would be mysqli::prepare.

Also, as others have suggested, you may find it useful/easier to step up a layer of abstraction with something like PDO.

Please note that the case you asked about is a fairly simple one and that more complex cases may require more complex approaches. In particular:

• If you want to alter the structure of the SQL based on user input, parameterized queries are not going to help, and the escaping required is not covered by mysql_real_escape_string. In this kind of case, you would be better off passing the user's input through a whitelist to ensure only 'safe' values are allowed through.

Levulose

using mysql_real_escape_string is enough or i must use parameterized too? – Zeeba

@peimanF. keep a good practice of using parametrized queries, even on a local project. With parametrized queries you are guaranteed that there will not be SQL injection. But keep in mind you should sanitize the data to avoid bogus retrieval (i.e. XSS injection, such as putting HTML code in a text) with htmlentities for example – Melquist

@peimanF. Good practise to parametrized queries and bind values, but real escape string is good for now – Howells

I understand the inclusion of mysql_real_escape_string() for completeness, but am not a fan of listing the most error-prone approach first. The reader might just quickly grab the first example. Good thing it's deprecated now :) – Systaltic

@peimanF. - Don't do both; it will double-escape things! Pick either parameterization (preferred) or mysqli_real_escape_string – Chickweed

@SteenSchütt - All the mysql_* functions are deprecated. They were replaced by similar mysqli_* functions, such as mysqli_real_escape_string. – Chickweed

@RickJames My point is, that you are more likely to make mistakes with the old approach of manually quoting your parameters. I am aware that the old MySQL functions are deprecated/removed and that the mysqli extension does something similar, but we should be teaching prepared statements first, and then "the old ways" for completeness. – Systaltic

Answer 3

Every answer here covers only part of the problem. In fact, there are four different query parts which we can add to SQL dynamically: -

• a string
• a number
• an identifier
• a syntax keyword

And prepared statements cover only two of them.

But sometimes we have to make our query even more dynamic, adding operators or identifiers as well. So, we will need different protection techniques.

In general, such a protection approach is based on whitelisting.

In this case, every dynamic parameter should be hardcoded in your script and chosen from that set. For example, to do dynamic ordering:

$orders  = array("name", "price", "qty"); // Field names
$key = array_search($_GET['sort'], $orders)); // if we have such a name
$orderby = $orders[$key]; // If not, first one will be set automatically. 
$query = "SELECT * FROM `table` ORDER BY $orderby"; // Value is safe

To ease the process I wrote a whitelist helper function that does all the job in one line:

$orderby = white_list($_GET['orderby'], "name", ["name","price","qty"], "Invalid field name");
$query  = "SELECT * FROM `table` ORDER BY `$orderby`"; // sound and safe

There is another way to secure identifiers - escaping but I rather stick to whitelisting as a more robust and explicit approach. Yet as long as you have an identifier quoted, you can escape the quote character to make it safe. For example, by default for mysql you have to double the quote character to escape it. For other other DBMS escaping rules would be different.

Still, there is an issue with SQL syntax keywords (such as AND, DESC and such), but white-listing seems the only approach in this case.

So, a general recommendation may be phrased as

• Any variable that represents an SQL data literal, (or, to put it simply - an SQL string, or a number) must be added through a prepared statement. No Exceptions.
• Any other query part, such as an SQL keyword, a table or a field name, or an operator - must be filtered through a white list.

Update

Although there is a general agreement on the best practices regarding SQL injection protection, there are still many bad practices as well. And some of them too deeply rooted in the minds of PHP users. For instance, on this very page there are (although invisible to most visitors) more than 80 deleted answers - all removed by the community due to bad quality or promoting bad and outdated practices. Worse yet, some of the bad answers aren't deleted, but rather prospering.

For example, there(1) are(2) still(3) many(4) answers(5), including the second most upvoted answer suggesting you manual string escaping - an outdated approach that is proven to be insecure.

Or there is a slightly better answer that suggests just another method of string formatting and even boasts it as the ultimate panacea. While of course, it is not. This method is no better than regular string formatting, yet it keeps all its drawbacks: it is applicable to strings only and, like any other manual formatting, it's essentially optional, non-obligatory measure, prone to human error of any sort.

I think that all this because of one very old superstition, supported by such authorities like OWASP or the PHP manual, which proclaims equality between whatever "escaping" and protection from SQL injections.

Regardless of what PHP manual said for ages, *_escape_string by no means makes data safe and never has been intended to. Besides being useless for any SQL part other than string, manual escaping is wrong, because it is manual as opposite to automated.

And OWASP makes it even worse, stressing on escaping user input which is an utter nonsense: there should be no such words in the context of injection protection. Every variable is potentially dangerous - no matter the source! Or, in other words - every variable has to be properly formatted to be put into a query - no matter the source again. It's the destination that matters. The moment a developer starts to separate the sheep from the goats (thinking whether some particular variable is "safe" or not) he/she takes his/her first step towards disaster. Not to mention that even the wording suggests bulk escaping at the entry point, resembling the very magic quotes feature - already despised, deprecated and removed.

So, unlike whatever "escaping", prepared statements is the measure that indeed protects from SQL injection (when applicable).

Slav

array_search() can return an integer (including 0) or false -- this aspect of this answer should be revisited. – Sha

Answer 4

I'd recommend using PDO (PHP Data Objects) to run parameterized SQL queries.

Not only does this protect against SQL injection, but it also speeds up queries.

And by using PDO rather than mysql_, mysqli_, and pgsql_ functions, you make your application a little more abstracted from the database, in the rare occurrence that you have to switch database providers.

Tala

this answer is misleading. PDO is not a magic wand that protects your queries by a mere presence. You ought to substitute every variable in your query with a placeholder to get a protection from PDO. – Slav

Do you have any resources or further explain what you mean? when you say substitute every variable in your query with a placeholder do you mean the bindvalue thing? – Pixilated

@Daniel L. VanDenBosch we might call these host variables? Most embedded SQL systems call them that. If they are not placeholders they are constants, even if the value gets to a host field that can hold other values. Minimising the number of variables provides for a predictable access path, but reduces re-usability obviously. – Bowl

Answer 5

Use PDO and prepared queries.

($conn is a PDO object)

$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO tbl VALUES(:id, :name)");
$stmt->bindValue(':id', $id);
$stmt->bindValue(':name', $name);
$stmt->execute();

Erratic

Answer 6

As you can see, people suggest you use prepared statements at the most. It's not wrong, but when your query is executed just once per process, there would be a slight performance penalty.

I was facing this issue, but I think I solved it in very sophisticated way - the way hackers use to avoid using quotes. I used this in conjunction with emulated prepared statements. I use it to prevent all kinds of possible SQL injection attacks.

My approach:

• If you expect input to be integer make sure it's really integer. In a variable-type language like PHP it is this very important. You can use for example this very simple but powerful solution: sprintf("SELECT 1,2,3 FROM table WHERE 4 = %u", $input);

• If you expect anything else from integer hex it. If you hex it, you will perfectly escape all input. In C/C++ there's a function called mysql_hex_string(), in PHP you can use bin2hex().

  Don't worry about that the escaped string will have a 2x size of its original length because even if you use mysql_real_escape_string, PHP has to allocate same capacity ((2*input_length)+1), which is the same.

• This hex method is often used when you transfer binary data, but I see no reason why not use it on all data to prevent SQL injection attacks. Note that you have to prepend data with 0x or use the MySQL function UNHEX instead.

So, for example, the query:

SELECT password FROM users WHERE name = 'root';

Will become:

SELECT password FROM users WHERE name = 0x726f6f74;

or

SELECT password FROM users WHERE name = UNHEX('726f6f74');

Hex is the perfect escape. No way to inject.

Difference between UNHEX function and 0x prefix

There was some discussion in comments, so I finally want to make it clear. These two approaches are very similar, but they are a little different in some ways:

The 0x prefix can only be used for data columns such as char, varchar, text, block, binary, etc.
Also, its use is a little complicated if you are about to insert an empty string. You'll have to entirely replace it with '', or you'll get an error.

UNHEX() works on any column; you do not have to worry about the empty string.

---

Hex methods are often used as attacks

Note that this hex method is often used as an SQL injection attack where integers are just like strings and escaped just with mysql_real_escape_string. Then you can avoid the use of quotes.

For example, if you just do something like this:

"SELECT title FROM article WHERE id = " . mysql_real_escape_string($_GET["id"])

an attack can inject you very easily. Consider the following injected code returned from your script:

SELECT ... WHERE id = -1 UNION ALL SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables;

and now just extract table structure:

SELECT ... WHERE id = -1 UNION ALL SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.column WHERE table_name = __0x61727469636c65__;

And then just select whatever data ones want. Isn't it cool?

But if the coder of an injectable site would hex it, no injection would be possible because the query would look like this:

SELECT ... WHERE id = UNHEX('2d312075...3635');

Harry

@Zaffy, I like the idea, but what about performance, I mean if you have 1 million records and 1000 users searching does it slow down as compare to prepare solution ? – Staciestack

I just test SELECT * FROM tblproducts WHERE product_code LIKE ( '%42%') does find record but SELECT * FROM tblproducts WHERE product_code LIKE ('%' +0x3432 +'%') doesn't, so it simply doesn't work or I did something wrong ? – Staciestack

@SumitGupta Yea, you did. MySQL doesnt concatenate with + but with CONCAT. And to the performance: I dont think it affects performance because mysql has to parse data and it doesnt matter if origin is string or hex – Normi

This overcomplicated approach is absolutely for naught. One could use simple quoting function "'".$mysqli->escape_string($_GET["id"])."'" instead of this hexing/unhexing paraphernalia. But it will be equally limited, leaving your application exposed to SQL injection for the cases where it's inapplicable. – Slav

@Zaffy, thanks, it helps a Lot. I tested by myself, and your "formula" hex/unhex prevents the most common SQL injection attacks. It's possible broke this, a leak on the process or something? At least in a way that you know .. – Splenomegaly

Answer 7

Deprecated Warning: This answer's sample code (like the question's sample code) uses PHP's MySQL extension, which was deprecated in PHP 5.5.0 and removed entirely in PHP 7.0.0.

Security Warning: This answer is not in line with security best practices. Escaping is inadequate to prevent SQL injection, use prepared statements instead. Use the strategy outlined below at your own risk. (Also, mysql_real_escape_string() was removed in PHP 7.)

IMPORTANT

The best way to prevent SQL Injection is to use Prepared Statements instead of escaping, as the accepted answer demonstrates.

There are libraries such as Aura.Sql and EasyDB that allow developers to use prepared statements easier. To learn more about why prepared statements are better at stopping SQL injection, refer to this mysql_real_escape_string() bypass and recently fixed Unicode SQL Injection vulnerabilities in WordPress.

Injection prevention - mysql_real_escape_string()

PHP has a specially-made function to prevent these attacks. All you need to do is use the mouthful of a function, mysql_real_escape_string.

mysql_real_escape_string takes a string that is going to be used in a MySQL query and return the same string with all SQL injection attempts safely escaped. Basically, it will replace those troublesome quotes(') a user might enter with a MySQL-safe substitute, an escaped quote \'.

NOTE: you must be connected to the database to use this function!

// Connect to MySQL

$name_bad = "' OR 1'"; 

$name_bad = mysql_real_escape_string($name_bad);

$query_bad = "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE username = '$name_bad'";
echo "Escaped Bad Injection: <br />" . $query_bad . "<br />";


$name_evil = "'; DELETE FROM customers WHERE 1 or username = '"; 

$name_evil = mysql_real_escape_string($name_evil);

$query_evil = "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE username = '$name_evil'";
echo "Escaped Evil Injection: <br />" . $query_evil;

You can find more details in MySQL - SQL Injection Prevention.

Haleyhalf

This is the best you can do with legacy mysql extension. For new code, you're advised to switch to mysqli or PDO. – Curst

I am not agree with this 'a specially-made function to prevent these attacks'. I think that mysql_real_escape_string purpose is in allow to build correct SQL query for every input data-string. Prevention sql-injection is the side-effect of this function. – Liberia

you dont use functions to write correct input data-strings. You just write correct ones that don't need escaping or have already been escaped. mysql_real_escape_string() may have been designed with the purpose you mention in mind, but its only value is preventing injection. – Tepper

WARNING! mysql_real_escape_string() is not infallible. – Almonte

@Almonte Especially if you're messing around with different charsets. – Duvetyn

mysql_real_escape_string is now deprecated, so its no longer a viable option. It will be removed in the future from PHP. Its best to move onto what the PHP or MySQL folks recommend. – Hasan

@Haleyhalf I'd like to request this be modified with a disclaimer: Prepared Statements are easier to use safely and are more secure from an engineering standpoint: the parameters and the query string are sent in separate packets, thus preventing the parameters from altering the query string. Also: #5741687 – Villalba

Ok the bypass says nothing about "To learn more about why prepared statements are better at stopping SQL injection, refer to this mysql_real_escape_string() bypass". Rather the opposite, that prepared statements suffer the same issues and PDO is not an exception. "It gets worse. PDO defaults to emulating prepared statements with MySQL. That means that on the client side, it basically does a sprintf through mysql_real_escape_string() (in the C library), which means the following will result in a successful injection:" – Pontine

use mysqli_real_escape_string instead – Vole

Answer 8

Security Warning: This answer is not in line with security best practices. Escaping is inadequate to prevent SQL injection, use prepared statements instead. Use the strategy outlined below at your own risk.

You could do something basic like this:

$safe_variable = mysqli_real_escape_string($dbConnection, $_POST["user-input"]);
mysqli_query($dbConnection, "INSERT INTO table (column) VALUES ('" . $safe_variable . "')");

This won't solve every problem, but it's a very good stepping stone. I left out obvious items such as checking the variable's existence, format (numbers, letters, etc.).

Viscosity

If you don't quote the string, it's still injectable. Take $q = "SELECT col FROM tbl WHERE x = $safe_var"; for example. Setting $safe_var to 1 UNION SELECT password FROM users works in this case because of the lack of quotes. It's also possible to inject strings into the query using CONCAT and CHR. – Riggall

WARNING! mysql_real_escape_string() is not infallible. – Almonte

mysql_real_escape_string is now deprecated, so its no longer a viable option. It will be removed in the future from PHP. Its best to move onto what the PHP or MySQL folks recommend. – Hasan

Above code doesn't work. mysqli_real_escape_string expects two params. check – Fore

Answer 9

Whatever you do end up using, make sure that you check your input hasn't already been mangled by magic_quotes or some other well-meaning rubbish, and if necessary, run it through stripslashes or whatever to sanitize it.

Enchanter

Indeed; running with magic_quotes switched on just encourages poor practice. However, sometimes you can't always control the environment to that level - either you don't have access to manage the server, or your application has to coexist with applications that (shudder) depend on such configuration. For these reasons, it's good to write portable applications - though obviously the effort is wasted if you do control the deployment environment, e.g. because it's an in-house application, or only going to be used in your specific environment. – Enchanter

As of PHP 5.4, the abomination known as 'magic quotes' has been killed dead. And good riddance to bad rubbish. – Bronson

Answer 10

Deprecated Warning: This answer's sample code (like the question's sample code) uses PHP's MySQL extension, which was deprecated in PHP 5.5.0 and removed entirely in PHP 7.0.0.

Security Warning: This answer is not in line with security best practices. Escaping is inadequate to prevent SQL injection, use prepared statements instead. Use the strategy outlined below at your own risk. (Also, mysql_real_escape_string() was removed in PHP 7.)

Parameterized query AND input validation is the way to go. There are many scenarios under which SQL injection may occur, even though mysql_real_escape_string() has been used.

Those examples are vulnerable to SQL injection:

$offset = isset($_GET['o']) ? $_GET['o'] : 0;
$offset = mysql_real_escape_string($offset);
RunQuery("SELECT userid, username FROM sql_injection_test LIMIT $offset, 10");

or

$order = isset($_GET['o']) ? $_GET['o'] : 'userid';
$order = mysql_real_escape_string($order);
RunQuery("SELECT userid, username FROM sql_injection_test ORDER BY `$order`");

In both cases, you can't use ' to protect the encapsulation.

Source: The Unexpected SQL Injection (When Escaping Is Not Enough)

Betulaceous

You can prevent SQL injection if you adopt an input validation technique in which user input is authenticated against a set of defined rules for length, type and syntax and also against business rules. – Demers

Answer 11

In my opinion, the best way to generally prevent SQL injection in your PHP application (or any web application, for that matter) is to think about your application's architecture. If the only way to protect against SQL injection is to remember to use a special method or function that does The Right Thing every time you talk to the database, you are doing it wrong. That way, it's just a matter of time until you forget to correctly format your query at some point in your code.

Adopting the MVC pattern and a framework like CakePHP or CodeIgniter is probably the right way to go: Common tasks like creating secure database queries have been solved and centrally implemented in such frameworks. They help you to organize your web application in a sensible way and make you think more about loading and saving objects than about securely constructing single SQL queries.

Elenaelenchus

I think your first paragraph is important. Understanding is key. Also, everyone is not working for a company. For a large swath of people, frameworks actually go against the idea of understanding. Getting intimate with the fundamentals may not be valued while working under a deadline, but the do-it-yourselfers out there enjoy getting their hands dirty. Framework developers are not so privileged that everyone else must bow and assume they never make mistakes. The power to make decisions is still important. Who is to say that my framework won't displace some other scheme in the future? – Dalenedalenna

@AnthonyRutledge You are absolutely correct. It is very important to understand what is going on and why. However, the chance that a true-and-tried and actively used and developed framework has run into and solved a lot of issues and patched a lot of security holes already is pretty high. It's a good idea to look at the source to get a feel for the code quality. If it's an untested mess it's probably not secure. – Elenaelenchus

Here. Here. Good points. However, would you agree that many people can study and learn to adopt an MVC system, but not everyone can reproduce it by hand (controllers and server). One can go too far with this point. Do I need to understand my microwave before I heat up my peanut butter pecan cookies my girl friend made me? ;-) – Dalenedalenna

@AnthonyRutledge I agree! I think the use-case makes a difference too: Am I building a photo gallery for my personal homepage or am I building an online banking web application? In the latter case it's very important to understand the details of security and how a framework that I am using is addressing those. – Elenaelenchus

Ah, the security exception to the do it yourself corollary. See, I tend to be willing to risk it all and go for broke. :-) Kidding. With enough time, people can learn to make a pretty darn secure application. Too many people are in a rush. They throw their hands up and assume that the frameworks are safer. After all, they do not have enough time to test and figure things out. Moreover, security is a field that requires dedicated study. It is not something mere programmers know in depth by virtue of understanding algorithms and design patterns. – Dalenedalenna

As an aside php has command injection vunerabilities to worth considering. One way round this is to block requests containing special characters, or that looks unduely long at the loadbalancer/webserver before they get to PHP... gracefulsecurity.com/… owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/PHP_Object_Injection – Justice

Answer 12

There are many ways of preventing SQL injections and other SQL hacks. You can easily find it on the Internet (Google Search). Of course PDO is one of the good solutions. But I would like to suggest you some good links prevention from SQL injection.

What is SQL injection and how to prevent

PHP manual for SQL injection

Microsoft explanation of SQL injection and prevention in PHP

And some other like Preventing SQL injection with MySQL and PHP.

Now, why you do you need to prevent your query from SQL injection?

I would like to let you know: Why do we try for preventing SQL injection with a short example below:

Query for login authentication match:

$query="select * from users where email='".$_POST['email']."' and password='".$_POST['password']."' ";

Now, if someone (a hacker) puts

$_POST['email']= [email protected]' OR '1=1

and password anything....

The query will be parsed into the system only up to:

$query="select * from users where email='[email protected]' OR '1=1';

The other part will be discarded. So, what will happen? A non-authorized user (hacker) will be able to log in as administrator without having his/her password. Now, he/she can do anything that the administrator/email person can do. See, it's very dangerous if SQL injection is not prevented.

Particulate

Answer 13

I favor stored procedures (MySQL has had stored procedures support since 5.0) from a security point of view - the advantages are -

1. Most databases (including MySQL) enable user access to be restricted to executing stored procedures. The fine-grained security access control is useful to prevent escalation of privileges attacks. This prevents compromised applications from being able to run SQL directly against the database.
2. They abstract the raw SQL query from the application so less information of the database structure is available to the application. This makes it harder for people to understand the underlying structure of the database and design suitable attacks.
3. They accept only parameters, so the advantages of parameterized queries are there. Of course - IMO you still need to sanitize your input - especially if you are using dynamic SQL inside the stored procedure.

The disadvantages are -

1. They (stored procedures) are tough to maintain and tend to multiply very quickly. This makes managing them an issue.
2. They are not very suitable for dynamic queries - if they are built to accept dynamic code as parameters then a lot of the advantages are negated.

Merriment

Answer 14

I believe that if someone intends to utilize PHP along with MySQL or any other database server:

1. Consider exploring PDO (PHP Data Objects) - an invaluable database access layer that offers a consistent approach to accessing various databases.
2. Consider delving into MySQLi, which is an excellent option for learning and utilizing MySQL databases.

P.S:

PDO has such advantages as support for twelve different database drivers and named parameters. From a security standpoint, both of them are safe as long as the developer uses them the way they are supposed to be used

Kellda

that mysqli is incorrect. The first param expresses the data types. – Sha

Answer 15

If possible, cast the types of your parameters. But it's only working on simple types like int, bool, and float.

$unsafe_variable = $_POST['user_id'];

$safe_variable = (int)$unsafe_variable ;

mysqli_query($conn, "INSERT INTO table (column) VALUES ('" . $safe_variable . "')");

Palatinate

This is one of the few cases where I would use an "escaped value" instead of a prepared statement. And integer type conversion is extremely efficient. – Cleland

Answer 16

For those unsure of how to use PDO (coming from the mysql_ functions), I made a very, very simple PDO wrapper that is a single file. It exists to show how easy it is to do all the common things applications need to be done. Works with PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite.

Basically, read it while you read the manual to see how to put the PDO functions to use in real life to make it simple to store and retrieve values in the format you want.

I want a single column

$count = DB::column('SELECT COUNT(*) FROM `user`');

I want an array(key => value) results (i.e. for making a selectbox)

$pairs = DB::pairs('SELECT `id`, `username` FROM `user`');

I want a single row result

$user = DB::row('SELECT * FROM `user` WHERE `id` = ?', array($user_id));

I want an array of results

$banned_users = DB::fetch('SELECT * FROM `user` WHERE `banned` = ?', array('TRUE'));

Panelboard

Answer 17

Security Warning: This answer is not in line with security best practices. Escaping is inadequate to prevent SQL injection, use prepared statements instead.

A few guidelines for escaping special characters in SQL statements.

Don't use MySQL. This extension is deprecated. Use MySQLi or PDO instead.

MySQLi

For manually escaping special characters in a string you can use the mysqli_real_escape_string function. The function will not work properly unless the correct character set is set with mysqli_set_charset.

Example:

$mysqli = new mysqli('host', 'user', 'password', 'database');
$mysqli->set_charset('charset');

$string = $mysqli->real_escape_string($string);
$mysqli->query("INSERT INTO table (column) VALUES ('$string')");

For automatic escaping of values with prepared statements, use mysqli_prepare, and mysqli_stmt_bind_param where types for the corresponding bind variables must be provided for an appropriate conversion:

Example:

$stmt = $mysqli->prepare("INSERT INTO table (column1, column2) VALUES (?,?)");

$stmt->bind_param("is", $integer, $string);

$stmt->execute();

No matter if you use prepared statements or mysqli_real_escape_string, you always have to know the type of input data you're working with.

So if you use a prepared statement, you must specify the types of the variables for mysqli_stmt_bind_param function.

And the use of mysqli_real_escape_string is for, as the name says, escaping special characters in a string, so it will not make integers safe. The purpose of this function is to prevent breaking the strings in SQL statements, and the damage to the database that it could cause. mysqli_real_escape_string is a useful function when used properly, especially when combined with sprintf.

Example:

$string = "x' OR name LIKE '%John%";
$integer = '5 OR id != 0';

$query = sprintf( "SELECT id, email, pass, name FROM members WHERE email ='%s' AND id = %d", $mysqli->real_escape_string($string), $integer);

echo $query;
// SELECT id, email, pass, name FROM members WHERE email ='x\' OR name LIKE \'%John%' AND id = 5

$integer = '99999999999999999999';
$query = sprintf("SELECT id, email, pass, name FROM members WHERE email ='%s' AND id = %d", $mysqli->real_escape_string($string), $integer);

echo $query;
// SELECT id, email, pass, name FROM members WHERE email ='x\' OR name LIKE \'%John%' AND id = 2147483647

Kain

The question is very generic. Some great answers above, but most suggest prepared statements. MySQLi async does not support prepared statements, so the sprintf looks like a great option for this situation. – Communicant

The link "Escaping is inadequate to prevent SQL injection" is currently broken (502). Might be temporary but does not inspire confidence in the site: paragonie.com/blog/2015/05/… – Sherronsherry

Answer 18

Security Warning: This answer is not in line with security best practices. Escaping is inadequate to prevent SQL injection, use prepared statements instead. Use the strategy outlined below at your own risk. (Also, mysql_real_escape_string() was removed in PHP 7.)

Warning: The mysql extension is removed at this time. we recommend using the PDO extension

Using this PHP function mysql_escape_string() you can get a good prevention in a fast way.

For example:

SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '".mysql_escape_string($name_from_html_form)."'

mysql_escape_string — Escapes a string for use in a mysql_query

For more prevention, you can add at the end ...

wHERE 1=1   or  LIMIT 1

Finally you get:

SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '".mysql_escape_string($name_from_html_form)."' LIMIT 1

Ebsen

Answer 19

The simple alternative to this problem could be solved by granting appropriate permissions in the database itself. For example: if you are using a MySQL database then enter into the database through terminal or the UI provided and just follow this command:

 GRANT SELECT, INSERT, DELETE ON database TO username@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';

This will restrict the user to only get confined with the specified query's only. Remove the delete permission and so the data would never get deleted from the query fired from the PHP page. The second thing to do is to flush the privileges so that the MySQL refreshes the permissions and updates.

FLUSH PRIVILEGES; 

more information about flush.

To see the current privileges for the user fire the following query.

select * from mysql.user where User='username';

Learn more about GRANT.

Marenmarena

This answer is essentially wrong, as it doesn't help to prevent an injection prevention but just trying to soften the consequences. In vain. – Slav

Right, it doesn't provide a solution, but is what you can do before hand to avoid things. – Marenmarena

@Apurv You don't want to "soften consequences", you want to do everything possible to protect against it. To be fair though, setting the correct user access is important, but not really what the OP is asking for. – Dishtowel

Answer 20

Regarding many useful answers, I hope to add some value to this thread.

SQL injection is an attack that can be done through user inputs (inputs that filled by a user and then used inside queries). The SQL injection patterns are correct query syntax while we can call it: bad queries for bad reasons, and we assume that there might be a bad person that try to get secret information (bypassing access control) that affect the three principles of security (confidentiality, integrity, and availability).

Now, our point is to prevent security threats such as SQL injection attacks, the question asking (how to prevent an SQL injection attack using PHP), be more realistic, data filtering or clearing input data is the case when using user-input data inside such query, using PHP or any other programming language is not the case, or as recommended by more people to use modern technology such as prepared statement or any other tools that currently supporting SQL injection prevention, consider that these tools not available anymore? How do you secure your application?

My approach against SQL injection is: clearing user-input data before sending it to the database (before using it inside any query).

Data filtering for (converting unsafe data to safe data)

Consider that PDO and MySQLi are not available. How can you secure your application? Do you force me to use them? What about other languages other than PHP? I prefer to provide general ideas as it can be used for wider border, not just for a specific language.

1. SQL user (limiting user privilege): most common SQL operations are (SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT), then, why give the UPDATE privilege to a user that does not require it? For example, login, and search pages are only using SELECT, then, why use DB users in these pages with high privileges?

RULE: do not create one database user for all privileges. For all SQL operations, you can create your scheme like (deluser, selectuser, updateuser) as usernames for easy usage.

See principle of least privilege.

2. Data filtering: before building any query user input, it should be validated and filtered. For programmers, it's important to define some properties for each user-input variables: data type, data pattern, and data length. A field that is a number between (x and y) must be exactly validated using the exact rule, and for a field that is a string (text): pattern is the case, for example, a username must contain only some characters, let’s say [a-zA-Z0-9_-.]. The length varies between (x and n) where x and n (integers, x <=n). Rule: creating exact filters and validation rules are best practices for me.

3. Use other tools: Here, I will also agree with you that a prepared statement (parametrized query) and stored procedures. The disadvantages here is these ways require advanced skills which do not exist for most users. The basic idea here is to distinguish between the SQL query and the data that is used inside. Both approaches can be used even with unsafe data, because the user-input data here does not add anything to the original query, such as (any or x=x).

For more information, please read OWASP SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet.

Now, if you are an advanced user, start using this defense as you like, but, for beginners, if they can't quickly implement a stored procedure and prepared the statement, it's better to filter input data as much they can.

Finally, let's consider that a user sends this text below instead of entering his/her username:

[1] UNION SELECT IF(SUBSTRING(Password,1,1)='2',BENCHMARK(100000,SHA1(1)),0) User,Password FROM mysql.user WHERE User = 'root'

This input can be checked early without any prepared statement and stored procedures, but to be on the safe side, using them starts after user-data filtering and validation.

The last point is detecting unexpected behavior which requires more effort and complexity; it's not recommended for normal web applications.

Unexpected behavior in the above user input is SELECT, UNION, IF, SUBSTRING, BENCHMARK, SHA, and root. Once these words detected, you can avoid the input.

UPDATE 1:

A user commented that this post is useless, OK! Here is what OWASP.ORG provided:

Primary defenses:

Option #1: Use of Prepared Statements (Parameterized Queries)
Option #2: Use of Stored Procedures
Option #3: Escaping all User Supplied Input

Additional defenses:

Also Enforce: Least Privilege
Also Perform: White List Input Validation

As you may know, claiming an article should be supported by a valid argument, at least by one reference! Otherwise, it's considered as an attack and a bad claim!

Update 2:

From the PHP manual, PHP: Prepared Statements - Manual:

Escaping and SQL injection

Bound variables will be escaped automatically by the server. The server inserts their escaped values at the appropriate places into the statement template before execution. A hint must be provided to the server for the type of bound variable, to create an appropriate conversion. See the mysqli_stmt_bind_param() function for more information.

The automatic escaping of values within the server is sometimes considered a security feature to prevent SQL injection. The same degree of security can be achieved with non-prepared statements if input values are escaped correctly.

Update 3:

I created test cases for knowing how PDO and MySQLi send the query to the MySQL server when using a prepared statement:

PDO:

$user = "''1''"; // Malicious keyword
$sql = 'SELECT * FROM awa_user WHERE userame =:username';
$sth = $dbh->prepare($sql, array(PDO::ATTR_CURSOR => PDO::CURSOR_FWDONLY));
$sth->execute(array(':username' => $user));

Query Log:

    189 Query SELECT * FROM awa_user WHERE userame ='\'\'1\'\''
    189 Quit

MySQLi:

$stmt = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT * FROM awa_user WHERE username =?")) {
$stmt->bind_param("s", $user);
$user = "''1''";
$stmt->execute();

Query Log:

    188 Prepare   SELECT * FROM awa_user WHERE username =?
    188 Execute   SELECT * FROM awa_user WHERE username ='\'\'1\'\''
    188 Quit

It's clear that a prepared statement is also escaping the data, nothing else.

As also mentioned in the above statement,

The automatic escaping of values within the server is sometimes considered a security feature to prevent SQL injection. The same degree of security can be achieved with non-prepared statements, if input values are escaped correctly

Therefore, this proves that data validation such as intval() is a good idea for integer values before sending any query. In addition, preventing malicious user data before sending the query is a correct and valid approach.

Please see this question for more detail: PDO sends raw query to MySQL while Mysqli sends prepared query, both produce the same result

References:

1. SQL Injection Cheat Sheet
2. SQL Injection
3. Information security
4. Security Principles
5. Data validation

Heelpiece

Answer 21

Security Warning: This answer is not in line with security best practices. Escaping is inadequate to prevent SQL injection, use prepared statements instead. Use the strategy outlined below at your own risk. (Also, mysql_real_escape_string() was removed in PHP 7.)

Deprecated Warning: The mysql extension is deprecated at this time. we recommend using the PDO extension

I use three different ways to prevent my web application from being vulnerable to SQL injection.

1. Use of mysql_real_escape_string(), which is a pre-defined function in PHP, and this code add backslashes to the following characters: \x00, \n, \r, \, ', " and \x1a. Pass the input values as parameters to minimize the chance of SQL injection.
2. The most advanced way is to use PDOs.

I hope this will help you.

Consider the following query:

$iId = mysql_real_escape_string("1 OR 1=1"); $sSql = "SELECT * FROM table WHERE id = $iId";

mysql_real_escape_string() will not protect here. If you use single quotes (' ') around your variables inside your query is what protects you against this. Here is an solution below for this:

$iId = (int) mysql_real_escape_string("1 OR 1=1"); $sSql = "SELECT * FROM table WHERE id = $iId";

This question has some good answers about this.

I suggest, using PDO is the best option.

Edit:

mysql_real_escape_string() is deprecated as of PHP 5.5.0. Use either mysqli or PDO.

An alternative to mysql_real_escape_string() is

string mysqli_real_escape_string ( mysqli $link , string $escapestr )

Example:

$iId = $mysqli->real_escape_string("1 OR 1=1");
$mysqli->query("SELECT * FROM table WHERE id = $iId");

Dever

Answer 22

A simple way would be to use a PHP framework like CodeIgniter or Laravel which have inbuilt features like filtering and active-record so that you don't have to worry about these nuances.

Obedient

I think the whole point of the question is to get this done without using such framework. – Soupspoon

Answer 23

Warning: the approach described in this answer only applies to very specific scenarios and isn't secure since SQL injection attacks do not only rely on being able to inject X=Y.

If the attackers are trying to hack into the form via PHP's $_GET variable or with the URL's query string, you would be able to catch them if they're not secure.

RewriteCond %{QUERY_STRING} ([0-9]+)=([0-9]+)
RewriteRule ^(.*) ^/track.php

Because 1=1, 2=2, 1=2, 2=1, 1+1=2, etc... are the common questions to an SQL database of an attacker. Maybe also it's used by many hacking applications.

But you must be careful, that you must not rewrite a safe query from your site. The code above is giving you a tip, to rewrite or redirect (it depends on you) that hacking-specific dynamic query string into a page that will store the attacker's IP address, or EVEN THEIR COOKIES, history, browser, or any other sensitive information, so you can deal with them later by banning their account or contacting authorities.

Asclepiadean

Answer 24

A good idea is to use an object-relational mapper like Idiorm:

$user = ORM::for_table('user')
->where_equal('username', 'j4mie')
->find_one();

$user->first_name = 'Jamie';
$user->save();

$tweets = ORM::for_table('tweet')
    ->select('tweet.*')
    ->join('user', array(
        'user.id', '=', 'tweet.user_id'
    ))
    ->where_equal('user.username', 'j4mie')
    ->find_many();

foreach ($tweets as $tweet) {
    echo $tweet->text;
}

It not only saves you from SQL injections, but from syntax errors too! It also supports collections of models with method chaining to filter or apply actions to multiple results at once and multiple connections.

Chinaware

I honestly disagree on your suggestion. This could lead to a false postive feeling of security throwing in any ORM. Of course, most of those take care of prepared statements and parameterized queries. A newbie coming to this post might still feel secure by picking any ORM - trusting them all. In general ORM are easing up things by hiding / abstracting implementation details. You really WANT to check (or blindly trust) how it's done. Rule of thumb: The bigger the open source community (support) behind it, the less it's totally screwed ;) – Ballista

Honestly its not the worst idea , pocketrocket. Depending on the ORM, theres a very very high chance that the authors of the ORM know their way around SQL better than the coder. Its kind of like that old rule of encryption that unless you've got your name on research papers in the field, dont roll your own, because chances are the attacker DOES have his name on papers in the field. That said if its an ORM requiring you to supply all or part of the query (ie Model.filter('where foo = ?',bar), you may well be better off rolling hand SQL – Consolidation

Answer 25

There are so many answers for PHP and MySQL, but here is code for PHP and Oracle for preventing SQL injection as well as regular use of oci8 drivers:

$conn = oci_connect($username, $password, $connection_string);
$stmt = oci_parse($conn, 'UPDATE table SET field = :xx WHERE ID = 123');
oci_bind_by_name($stmt, ':xx', $fieldval);
oci_execute($stmt);

Sheliasheline

Answer 26

Deprecated Warning: This answer's sample code (like the question's sample code) uses PHP's MySQL extension, which was deprecated in PHP 5.5.0 and removed entirely in PHP 7.0.0.

Security Warning: This answer is not in line with security best practices. Escaping is inadequate to prevent SQL injection, use prepared statements instead. Use the strategy outlined below at your own risk. (Also, mysql_real_escape_string() was removed in PHP 7.)

Using PDO and MYSQLi is a good practice to prevent SQL injections, but if you really want to work with MySQL functions and queries, it would be better to use

mysql_real_escape_string

$unsafe_variable = mysql_real_escape_string($_POST['user_input']);

There are more abilities to prevent this: like identify - if the input is a string, number, char or array, there are so many inbuilt functions to detect this. Also, it would be better to use these functions to check input data.

is_string

$unsafe_variable = (is_string($_POST['user_input']) ? $_POST['user_input'] : '');

is_numeric

$unsafe_variable = (is_numeric($_POST['user_input']) ? $_POST['user_input'] : '');

And it is so much better to use those functions to check input data with mysql_real_escape_string.

Titulary

Also, there is absolutely no point in checking $_POST array members with is_string() – Slav

WARNING! mysql_real_escape_string() is not infallible. – Almonte

mysql_real_escape_string is now deprecated, so its no longer a viable option. It will be removed from PHP in the future. Its best to move onto what the PHP or MySQL folks recommend. – Hasan

Answer 27

I've written this little function several years ago:

function sqlvprintf($query, $args)
{
    global $DB_LINK;
    $ctr = 0;
    ensureConnection(); // Connect to database if not connected already.
    $values = array();
    foreach ($args as $value)
    {
        if (is_string($value))
        {
            $value = "'" . mysqli_real_escape_string($DB_LINK, $value) . "'";
        }
        else if (is_null($value))
        {
            $value = 'NULL';
        }
        else if (!is_int($value) && !is_float($value))
        {
            die('Only numeric, string, array and NULL arguments allowed in a query. Argument '.($ctr+1).' is not a basic type, it\'s type is '. gettype($value). '.');
        }
        $values[] = $value;
        $ctr++;
    }
    $query = preg_replace_callback(
        '/{(\\d+)}/', 
        function($match) use ($values)
        {
            if (isset($values[$match[1]]))
            {
                return $values[$match[1]];
            }
            else
            {
                return $match[0];
            }
        },
        $query
    );
    return $query;
}

function runEscapedQuery($preparedQuery /*, ...*/)
{
    $params = array_slice(func_get_args(), 1);
    $results = runQuery(sqlvprintf($preparedQuery, $params)); // Run query and fetch results.   
    return $results;
}

This allows running statements in an one-liner C#-ish String.Format like:

runEscapedQuery("INSERT INTO Whatever (id, foo, bar) VALUES ({0}, {1}, {2})", $numericVar, $stringVar1, $stringVar2);

It escapes considering the variable type. If you try to parameterize table, column names, it would fail as it puts every string in quotes which is an invalid syntax.

SECURITY UPDATE: The previous str_replace version allowed injections by adding {#} tokens into user data. This preg_replace_callback version doesn't cause problems if the replacement contains these tokens.

Performing