How to read a single char from the console in Java (as the user types it)?

Question

Is there an easy way to read a single char from the console as the user is typing it in Java? Is it possible? I've tried with these methods but they all wait for the user to press enter key:

char tmp = (char) System.in.read();
char tmp = (char) new InputStreamReader(System.in).read ();
char tmp = (char) System.console().reader().read();           // Java 6

I'm starting to think that System.in is not aware of the user input until enter is pressed.

Frans

Answer 1

What you want to do is put the console into "raw" mode (line editing bypassed and no enter key required) as opposed to "cooked" mode (line editing with enter key required.) On UNIX systems, the 'stty' command can change modes.

Now, with respect to Java... see Non blocking console input in Python and Java. Excerpt:

If your program must be console based, you have to switch your terminal out of line mode into character mode, and remember to restore it before your program quits. There is no portable way to do this across operating systems.

One of the suggestions is to use JNI. Again, that's not very portable. Another suggestion at the end of the thread, and in common with the post above, is to look at using jCurses.

Prynne

JCurses is not very portable either.... From the JCurses README: "JCurses consists of two parts: the plattform independent part, and plattform dependent part, that consists of a native shared library making primitive input and output operations available to the first part." – Iquique

@RyanFernandes sounds quite portable to me - single tool that can be run on multiple systems (using different dependencies) – Paroxysm

Answer 2

You need to knock your console into raw mode. There is no built-in platform-independent way of getting there. jCurses might be interesting, though.

On a Unix system, this might work:

String[] cmd = {"/bin/sh", "-c", "stty raw </dev/tty"};
Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd).waitFor();

For example, if you want to take into account the time between keystrokes, here's sample code to get there.

Condition

Worked fine for me under Linux – Cystocarp

Worked on Mac as well. You probably want to mention that stty cooked </dev/tty should be run when the program needs to revert to buffered mode, and definitely before the program exits. – Wayzgoose

@Wayzgoose according to the code sample linked by the above answer, it should be stty sane </dev/tty at the end to revert: do you know maybe what's the practical difference between sane and cooked? Thanks! – Remodel

@Remodel thanks for mentioning sane; I was unfamiliar with it. It looks like sane is better than cooked but that's just my intuition after reading the man page. I don't understand the details well enough - too many flags! Also, found this discussion also expressing confusion; now I don't feel so bad :) – Wayzgoose

@Wayzgoose motivated by your man page reading I've found --save option ;-) It outputs all the current settings, that can be later used to restore the current config. I guess, that's the safest way, but requires some output capturing. – Remodel

Answer 3

I have written a Java class RawConsoleInput that uses JNA to call operating system functions of Windows and Unix/Linux.

• On Windows it uses _kbhit() and _getwch() from msvcrt.dll.
• On Unix it uses tcsetattr() to switch the console to non-canonical mode, System.in.available() to check whether data is available and System.in.read() to read bytes from the console. A CharsetDecoder is used to convert bytes to characters.

It supports non-blocking input and mixing raw mode and normal line mode input.

Shul

How heavily has this been tested/stress-tested? – Bearish

@QPaysTaxes Stress-testing is difficult for console input. I think, in this case it would be more important to test it in various environments (different Windows/Linux versions, 64/32 bit, Linux via SSH, Telnet, serial port or desktop console, etc.). So far I only use it in my private test tools. But the source code is relatively small, compared to other solutions (like JLine2 which uses Jansi). So there is not much that can go wrong. I wrote it, because JLine2 does not support single character input without blocking. – Fabrice

That's what I meant by stress-tested -- it's probably the wrong word; my bad. Anyway, nice! I've stolen^H^H^H^H^H^Hused it in a project of mine for school and it helped a bunch. – Bearish

Hey - this class looks great. However: I cannot get it to work.. how am I supposed to use it? I have encountered System.in blocking until I press CTRL+D (on Linux) and now I read about console modes and the likes. I think your RawConsoleInput is what I am looking for - but how do I use it? – Fendig

@Fendig Just call RawConsoleInput.read(boolean) to read a keyboard character. It's documented in the source code (RawConsoleInput.java). – Fabrice

@Christiand'Heureuse: thanks! I had posted the comment, but after a while I found out how it works. Thank you! It works quite well in a linux terminal (have not tried it on Windows (yet)). – Fendig

Very useful. You might want to add a simple example, e.g. public static void main(String[] args) { RawConsoleInput GC = new RawConsoleInput(); int CharRead = 0; for (;;) { try { CharRead = GC.read(true); } catch (IOException ex) { Logger.getLogger(RawConsoleInput.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex); } if (CharRead == -1 || CharRead == 27 || CharRead == 3 || CharRead == 4) // ^c, ^d, or Esc) break; switch (CharRead) { case } } } – Crossbench

Nice... I got this working in a Windows command prompt and assume it works fine in Linux. Unfortunately I can't get it to work in a Windows Cygwin (BASH) terminal, even if I switch isWindows to false. Specifically it gives this error: Exception in thread "main" java.lang.UnsatisfiedLinkError: Unable to load library 'c': Native library (win32-x86-64/c.dll) not found in resource path (.;jna-4.1.0.jar) at com.sun.jna.NativeLibrary.loadLibrary(NativeLibrary.java:271) ... at consolereader.RawConsoleInput.main(RawConsoleInput.java:64) – Tortoiseshell

Adding the source code to an existing project results in the following error in Netbeans: package com.sun.jna does not exist, does this have any external dependencies? Openjdk8 – Gotama

@Gotama The JNA jar will have to be added in addition to RawConsoleInput.java. Also JNA deprecated Pointer.SIZE in version 5 so we also need to replace that with Native.POINTER_SIZE on line 170. – Suds

@Thirdwater Thanks, I have updated the source code for the current JNA version 5.6.0. – Fabrice

Answer 4

There is no portable way to read raw characters from a Java console.

Some platform-dependent workarounds have been presented above. But to be really portable, you'd have to abandon console mode and use a windowing mode, e.g. AWT or Swing.

Jezreel

Answer 5

Use jline3:

Example:

Terminal terminal = TerminalBuilder.builder()
    .jna(true)
    .system(true)
    .build();

// raw mode means we get keypresses rather than line buffered input
terminal.enterRawMode();
reader = terminal .reader();
...
int read = reader.read();
....
reader.close();
terminal.close();

Mckeehan

I found that RawConsoleInput based solutions didn't work on MacOS High Sierra; however, this works perfectly. – Excuse

jline has practically all you need to create an interactive console/terminal system. It works great in Linux. For a more complete example look at: github.com/jline/jline3/blob/master/builtins/src/test/java/org/… . It has autocomplete, history, password mask, etc. – Faradism

Answer 6

I' ve done it using jcurses...

import jcurses.system.InputChar;
import jcurses.system.Toolkit;

//(works best on the local machine when run through screen)
public class readchar3 {
    public static void main (String[] args)
        {
            String st;
            char ch;
            int i;
            st = "";
            ch = ' ';
            i = 0;
            while (true)
                {
                        InputChar c = Toolkit.readCharacter();
                    ch = c.getCharacter();
                    i = (int) ch;
                    System.out.print ("you typed " + ch + "(" + i + ")\n\r");
                    // break on '#'
                    if (ch == '#') break;
                }
            System.out.println ("Programm wird beendet. Verarbeitung kann beginnen.");
        }
}

Vocoid

Answer 7

See This

It calls _getch() function from c to read a single char without hitting Enter

Sumach