Switch tabs using Selenium WebDriver with Java

Question

Using Selenium WebDriver with Java. I am trying to automate a functionality where I have to open a new tab do some operations there and come back to previous tab (Parent). I used switch handle but it's not working. And one strange thing the two tabs are having same window handle due to which I am not able to switch between tabs.

However when I am trying with different Firefox windows it works, but for tab it's not working.

How can I switch tabs? Or, how can I switch tabs without using window handle as window handle is same of both tabs in my case?

(I have observed that when you open different tabs in same window, window handle remains same)

Chaplain

I think 2 tabs are same as 2 windows in most of the cases – Titbit

Please see: riponalwasim.blogspot.com/2020/05/… – Deaton

Answer 1

    psdbComponent.clickDocumentLink();
    ArrayList<String> tabs = new ArrayList<String> (driver.getWindowHandles());
    driver.switchTo().window(tabs.get(1));
    driver.close();
    driver.switchTo().window(tabs.get(0));

This code perfectly worked for me. Try it out. You always need to switch your driver to new tab, before you want to do something on new tab.

Banneret

Tabs aren't windows. I guess it's not working in Firefox. – Radbun

This answer assumes order in driver.getWindowHandles(). That method returns a Set and therefore guarantees no order at the contract level. Perhaps your WebDriver implementatation is returning a Set implementation that does guarantee order, but why take the risk? – Theolatheologian

Using ChromeDriver 2.33, getWindowHandles() does return a LinkedHashSet, so accessing by index works well. Note that you need to use getAt() instead of get() – Vallonia

I don't know why but the above does not work for firefox versions below 80.Any suggestion for switching tabs in versions below 80 – Auditor

Answer 2

This is a simple solution for opening a new tab, changing focus to it, closing the tab and return focus to the old/original tab:

@Test
public void testTabs() {
    driver.get("https://business.twitter.com/start-advertising");
    assertStartAdvertising();

    // considering that there is only one tab opened in that point.
    String oldTab = driver.getWindowHandle();
    driver.findElement(By.linkText("Twitter Advertising Blog")).click();
    ArrayList<String> newTab = new ArrayList<String>(driver.getWindowHandles());
    newTab.remove(oldTab);
    // change focus to new tab
    driver.switchTo().window(newTab.get(0));
    assertAdvertisingBlog();

    // Do what you want here, you are in the new tab

    driver.close();
    // change focus back to old tab
    driver.switchTo().window(oldTab);
    assertStartAdvertising();

    // Do what you want here, you are in the old tab
}

private void assertStartAdvertising() {
    assertEquals("Start Advertising | Twitter for Business", driver.getTitle());
}

private void assertAdvertisingBlog() {
    assertEquals("Twitter Advertising", driver.getTitle());
}

Okelley

I'm using chrome driver and in that when I use the line "driver.switchTo().window(newTab.get(0));" a new window is opened along with a new tab...Any idea why this is happening? – Surfboarding

I haven't checked it, but I guess it is browser configuration. – Okelley

Answer 3

There is a difference how web driver handles different windows and how it handles different tabs.

Case 1:
In case there are multiple windows, then the following code can help:

//Get the current window handle
String windowHandle = driver.getWindowHandle();

//Get the list of window handles
ArrayList tabs = new ArrayList (driver.getWindowHandles());
System.out.println(tabs.size());
//Use the list of window handles to switch between windows
driver.switchTo().window(tabs.get(0));

//Switch back to original window
driver.switchTo().window(mainWindowHandle);

Case 2:
In case there are multiple tabs in the same window, then there is only one window handle. Hence switching between window handles keeps the control in the same tab.
In this case using Ctrl + \t (Ctrl + Tab) to switch between tabs is more useful.

//Open a new tab using Ctrl + t
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("body")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL +"t");
//Switch between tabs using Ctrl + \t
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("body")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL +"\t");

Detailed sample code can be found here:
http://design-interviews.blogspot.com/2014/11/switching-between-tabs-in-same-browser-window.html

Opponent

YES. This is the first response the indicates there is only a single window handle and that is not the same as a tab. I don't know how the other solutions even work. How does getWindowHandles get the list of tabs for them? It only gets window handles for me in IE (I know, IE, blech) – Visualize

Answer 4

Work around

Assumption : By Clicking something on your web page leads to open a new tab.

Use below logic to switch to second tab.

new Actions(driver).sendKeys(driver.findElement(By.tagName("html")), Keys.CONTROL).sendKeys(driver.findElement(By.tagName("html")),Keys.NUMPAD2).build().perform();

In the same manner you can switch back to first tab again.

new Actions(driver).sendKeys(driver.findElement(By.tagName("html")), Keys.CONTROL).sendKeys(driver.findElement(By.tagName("html")),Keys.NUMPAD1).build().perform();

Bridwell

Works only on Chrome – Mendie

Answer 5

Since the driver.window_handles is not in order , a better solution is this.

first switch to the first tab using the shortcut Control + X to switch to the 'x' th tab in the browser window .

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("body")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "1");
# goes to 1st tab

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("body")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "4");
# goes to 4th tab if its exists or goes to last tab.

Bertsche

Answer 6

String selectLinkOpeninNewTab = Keys.chord(Keys.CONTROL, Keys.RETURN);
    WebElement e = driver.findElement(By
            .xpath("html/body/header/div/div[1]/nav/a"));
e.sendKeys(selectLinkOpeninNewTab);//to open the link in a current page in to the browsers new tab

    e.sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "\t");//to move focus to next tab in same browser
    try {
        Thread.sleep(8000);
    } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
        // TODO Auto-generated catch block
        e1.printStackTrace();
    }
    //to wait some time in that tab
    e.sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "\t");//to switch the focus to old tab again

Hope it helps to you..

Minify

Answer 7

The first thing you need to do is opening a new tab and save it's handle name. It will be best to do it using javascript and not keys(ctrl+t) since keys aren't always available on automation servers. example:

public static String openNewTab(String url) {
    executeJavaScript("window.parent = window.open('parent');");
    ArrayList<String> tabs = new ArrayList<String>(bot.driver.getWindowHandles());
    String handleName = tabs.get(1);
    bot.driver.switchTo().window(handleName);
    System.setProperty("current.window.handle", handleName);
    bot.driver.get(url);
    return handleName;
}

The second thing you need to do is switching between the tabs. Doing it by switch window handles only, will not always work since the tab you'll work on, won't always be in focus and Selenium will fail from time to time. As I said, it's a bit problematic to use keys, and javascript doesn't really support switching tabs, so I used alerts to switch tabs and it worked like a charm:

public static void switchTab(int tabNumber, String handleName) {
        driver.switchTo().window(handleName);
        System.setProperty("current.window.handle", handleName);
        if (tabNumber==1)
            executeJavaScript("alert(\"alert\");");
        else
            executeJavaScript("parent.alert(\"alert\");");
        bot.wait(1000);
        driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
    }

Roil

Answer 8

    public void switchToNextTab() {
        ArrayList<String> tab = new ArrayList<>(driver.getWindowHandles());
        driver.switchTo().window(tab.get(1));
    }
    
    public void closeAndSwitchToNextTab() {
        driver.close();
        ArrayList<String> tab = new ArrayList<>(driver.getWindowHandles());
        driver.switchTo().window(tab.get(1));
    }

    public void switchToPreviousTab() {
        ArrayList<String> tab = new ArrayList<>(driver.getWindowHandles());
        driver.switchTo().window(tab.get(0));
    }

    public void closeTabAndReturn() {
        driver.close();
        ArrayList<String> tab = new ArrayList<>(driver.getWindowHandles());
        driver.switchTo().window(tab.get(0));
    }

    public void switchToPreviousTabAndClose() {
        ArrayList<String> tab = new ArrayList<>(driver.getWindowHandles());
        driver.switchTo().window(tab.get(1));
        driver.close();
    }

Candracandy

Answer 9

driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("body")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,Keys.SHIFT,Keys.TAB);

This method helps in switching between multiple windows. The restricting problem with this method is that it can only be used so many times until the required window is reached. Hope it helps.

Inept

Maybe between multiple tabs? – Radbun

Answer 10

With Selenium 2.53.1 using firefox 47.0.1 as the WebDriver in Java: no matter how many tabs I opened, "driver.getWindowHandles()" would only return one handle so it was impossible to switch between tabs.

Once I started using Chrome 51.0, I could get all handles. The following code show how to access multiple drivers and multiple tabs within each driver.

// INITIALIZE TWO DRIVERS (THESE REPRESENT SEPARATE CHROME WINDOWS)
driver1 = new ChromeDriver();
driver2 = new ChromeDriver();

// LOOP TO OPEN AS MANY TABS AS YOU WISH
for(int i = 0; i < TAB_NUMBER; i++) {
   driver1.findElement(By.cssSelector("body")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "t");
   // SLEEP FOR SPLIT SECOND TO ALLOW DRIVER TIME TO OPEN TAB
   Thread.sleep(100);

// STORE TAB HANDLES IN ARRAY LIST FOR EASY ACCESS
ArrayList tabs1 = new ArrayList<String> (driver1.getWindowHandles());

// REPEAT FOR THE SECOND DRIVER (SECOND CHROME BROWSER WINDOW)

// LOOP TO OPEN AS MANY TABS AS YOU WISH
for(int i = 0; i < TAB_NUMBER; i++) {
   driver2.findElement(By.cssSelector("body")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "t");
   // SLEEP FOR SPLIT SECOND TO ALLOW DRIVER TIME TO OPEN TAB
   Thread.sleep(100);

// STORE TAB HANDLES IN ARRAY LIST FOR EASY ACCESS
ArrayList tabs2 = new ArrayList<String> (driver1.getWindowHandles());

// NOW PERFORM DESIRED TASKS WITH FIRST BROWSER IN ANY TAB
for(int ii = 0; ii <= TAB_NUMBER; ii++) {
   driver1.switchTo().window(tabs1.get(ii));
   // LOGIC FOR THAT DRIVER'S CURRENT TAB
}

// PERFORM DESIRED TASKS WITH SECOND BROWSER IN ANY TAB
for(int ii = 0; ii <= TAB_NUMBER; ii++) {
   drvier2.switchTo().window(tabs2.get(ii));
   // LOGIC FOR THAT DRIVER'S CURRENT TAB
}

Hopefully that gives you a good idea of how to manipulate multiple tabs in multiple browser windows.

Emancipate

Answer 11

Simple Answer which worked for me:

for (String handle1 : driver1.getWindowHandles()) {
        System.out.println(handle1); 
        driver1.switchTo().window(handle1);     
}

Cartelize

Answer 12

Set<String> tabs = driver.getWindowHandles();
Iterator<String> it = tabs.iterator();
tab1 = it.next();
tab2 = it.next();
driver.switchTo().window(tab1);
driver.close();
driver.switchTo().window(tab2);

Try this. It should work

Variolite

Answer 13

I had a problem recently, the link was opened in a new tab, but selenium focused still on the initial tab.

I'm using Chromedriver and the only way to focus on a tab was for me to use switch_to_window().

Here's the Python code:

driver.switch_to_window(driver.window_handles[-1])

So the tip is to find out the name of the window handle you need, they are stored as list in

driver.window_handles

Giuditta

Be very, very careful when indexing into the collection of window handles. There is no guarantee that these handles are presented in any order, and the first window opened may have the last window handle in the list returned by the getWindowhandles method (or its equivalent in your language). – Krystinakrystle

Answer 14

Please see below:

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.get("https://www.irctc.co.in/");
String oldTab = driver.getWindowHandle();

//For opening window in New Tab
String selectLinkOpeninNewTab = Keys.chord(Keys.CONTROL,Keys.RETURN); 
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Hotels & Lounge")).sendKeys(selectLinkOpeninNewTab);

// Perform Ctrl + Tab to focus on new Tab window
new Actions(driver).sendKeys(Keys.chord(Keys.CONTROL, Keys.TAB)).perform();

// Switch driver control to focused tab window
driver.switchTo().window(oldTab);

driver.findElement(By.id("textfield")).sendKeys("bangalore");

Hope this is helpful!

Breezy

Answer 15

It is A very simple process: assume you have two tabs so you need to first close the current tab by using client.window(callback) because the switch command "switches to the first available one". Then you can easily switch tab using client.switchTab.

Towney

Answer 16

A brief example of how to switch between tabs in a browser (in case with one window):

// open the first tab
driver.get("https://www.google.com");
Thread.sleep(2000);

// open the second tab
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("body")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "t");
driver.get("https://www.google.com");
Thread.sleep(2000);

// switch to the previous tab
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("body")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL + "" + Keys.SHIFT + "" + Keys.TAB);
Thread.sleep(2000);

I write Thread.sleep(2000) just to have a timeout to see switching between the tabs.

You can use CTRL+TAB for switching to the next tab and CTRL+SHIFT+TAB for switching to the previous tab.

Shad

Answer 17

This will work for the MacOS for Firefox and Chrome:

// opens the default browser tab with the first webpage
driver.get("the url 1");
thread.sleep(2000);

// opens the second tab
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("Body")).sendKeys(Keys.COMMAND + "t");
driver.get("the url 2");
Thread.sleep(2000);

// comes back to the first tab
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("Body")).sendKeys(Keys.COMMAND, Keys.SHIFT, "{");

Yazbak

Answer 18

To get parent window handles.

String parentHandle = driverObj.getWindowHandle();
public String switchTab(String parentHandle){
    String currentHandle ="";
    Set<String> win  = ts.getDriver().getWindowHandles();   

    Iterator<String> it =  win.iterator();
    if(win.size() > 1){
        while(it.hasNext()){
            String handle = it.next();
            if (!handle.equalsIgnoreCase(parentHandle)){
                ts.getDriver().switchTo().window(handle);
                currentHandle = handle;
            }
        }
    }
    else{
        System.out.println("Unable to switch");
    }
    return currentHandle;
}

Tactful

Answer 19

The flaw with the selected answer is that it unnecessarily assumes order in webDriver.getWindowHandles(). The getWindowHandles() method returns a Set, which does not guarantee order.

I used the following code to change tabs, which does not assume any ordering.

String currentTabHandle = driver.getWindowHandle();
String newTabHandle = driver.getWindowHandles()
       .stream()
       .filter(handle -> !handle.equals(currentTabHandle ))
       .findFirst()
       .get();
driver.switchTo().window(newTabHandle);

Theolatheologian

Answer 20

protected void switchTabsUsingPartOfUrl(String platform) {
    String currentHandle = null;
    try {
        final Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();
        if (handles.size() > 1) {
            currentHandle = driver.getWindowHandle();
        }
        if (currentHandle != null) {
            for (final String handle : handles) {
                driver.switchTo().window(handle);
                if (currentUrl().contains(platform) && !currentHandle.equals(handle)) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for (final String handle : handles) {
                driver.switchTo().window(handle);
                if (currentUrl().contains(platform)) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    } catch (Exception e) {
        System.out.println("Switching tabs failed");
    }
}

Call this method and pass parameter a substring of url of the tab you want to switch to

Rockey

Answer 21

public class TabBrowserDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    System.out.println("Main Started");
    System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", "driver//geckodriver.exe");
    WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.get("https://www.irctc.co.in/eticketing/userSignUp.jsf");
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

    driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='Flights']")).click();
    waitForLoad(driver);
    Set<String> ids = driver.getWindowHandles();
    Iterator<String> iterator = ids.iterator();
    String parentID = iterator.next();
    System.out.println("Parent WIn id " + parentID);
    String childID = iterator.next();
    System.out.println("child win id " + childID);

    driver.switchTo().window(childID);
    List<WebElement> hyperlinks = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//a"));

    System.out.println("Total links in tabbed browser " + hyperlinks.size());

    Thread.sleep(3000);
//  driver.close();
    driver.switchTo().window(parentID);
    List<WebElement> hyperlinksOfParent = driver.findElements(By.xpath("//a"));

    System.out.println("Total links " + hyperlinksOfParent.size());

}

public static void waitForLoad(WebDriver driver) {
    ExpectedCondition<Boolean> pageLoadCondition = new
            ExpectedCondition<Boolean>() {
                public Boolean apply(WebDriver driver) {
                    return ((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("return document.readyState").equals("complete");
                }
            };
    WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 30);
    wait.until(pageLoadCondition);
}

Suicide

Welcome to Stack Overflow! Please don't just throw your source code here. Be nice and try to give a nice description to your answer, so that others will like it and upvote it. See: How do I write a good answer? – Samellasameness

Answer 22

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

driver.switchTo().window(driver.getWindowHandles().toArray()[numPage].toString());

numPage - int (0,1..)

Rolfrolfe

Could you please add some explanations to your answer, some reference to a documentation, etc, etc? – Iconolatry

Answer 23

String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle(); seleniumHelper.switchToChildWindow(); .. ..//your assertion steps

seleniumHelper.switchToWindow(mainWindow);

Puzzle

As it’s currently written, your answer is unclear. Please edit to add additional details that will help others understand how this addresses the question asked. You can find more information on how to write good answers in the help center. – Festschrift

Answer 24

with Java I used this for switching the selenium focus to the new tab.

//Before the action that redirect to the new tab:
String windHandleCurrent = driver.getWindowHandle();
// code that click in a btn/link in order to open a new tab goes here
// now to make selenium move to the new tab 
ArrayList<String> windows = new ArrayList<String>(driver.getWindowHandles());
    for(int i =0;i<windows.size();i++ ) {
        String aWindow = windows.get(i);
        if(aWindow != windHandleCurrent) {
            driver.switchTo().window(aWindow);
        }
    }
// now you can code your AssertJUnit for the new tab.

Gyre

Answer 25

Selenium 4 has new features:

// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);

// Opens a new window and switches to new window driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);

Geller

Answer 26

driver.getWindowHandles() is a Set.I converted it to array of objects by

Object[] a=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray;

Say you want to switch to 2nd tab then (after conversion) use

driver.switchTo().windows(a[1].toString());

Cytologist

Answer 27

Solution with Java

Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();
Iterator<String> it = handles.iterator();
String parentTab = it.next();
String childTab = it.next();
// switch to the second tab
driver.switchTo().window(childTab);

// switch to the first tab
driver.switchTo().window(parentTab);

Gerta